Transbound Emerg Dis. 2008;232:249256. These samples represent the genetic diversity of VSNJV in Mexico from 2005 to 2011 and include VSNJV associated with genetic clades I including a sample representing the endemic lineages in Mexico, as well as samples from lineages 1.1 and 1.2 (the most recent common endemic ancestor of lineage 1.1) (n = 6) and lineage 2.1 (n = 11) (Figure 1A). PDF Detection of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Indiana from Insects Collected Similar to EEE, WEE is characterized by central nervous system In 2012, an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis in the United States occurred that was caused by Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus serotype. Taxonomic Changes for Human Viruses, 2020 to 2022. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-in https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/vesicular-stomatit 0500-00093-001-00-D/USDA-ARS SCINet Project, Rodrguez L.L. Although these lineages were initially found to produce clinical infections in livestock in southern Mexico, by 2011 clinical cases associated with these lineages were detected in central Mexico. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Uniting the equestrian community by ensuring fairness, safety, and enjoyment. Merck & Co, Inc.; Kenilworth, NJ, USA: 2020. Predicting and Mitigating Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) Outbreaks in Number Confirmed: 1;Number Exposed: 5;Facility Type: Private Facility; For more information, go to: https://www.equinediseasecc.org/equine-infectious-anemia, Source: All 6 (six) recently reported Equine Influenza affected stables in Quebec are epidemiologically linked to 2 racing events. Amplification conditions for this kit are as follows: For reverse transcription 1 cycle of 5 min at 50C followed by 95C for 20 s, and 45 cycles of 95C for 15 s and 60C for 45 s (Data collection). Vesicular Stomatitis: What You Need to Know. Front. doi: 10.2460/javma.232.2.249. (C) Gel visualization of the amplicons from the mRRT-PCR reactions using the original 2010 protocol. Vaccine. The determination of amplification efficiency and analytical sensitivity of the new protocol were performed as previously described (14). for several years. Additionally, to evaluate the potential effect of the master mix kit in the reaction, we performed this protocol using the TaqMan Fast Virus 1-Step Master Mix kit (Applied Biosystems #4444434) in a final volume of 25 ul. Between 2005 and 2011 two interesting epidemiological events occurred in Mexico. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Equine Encephalitis (VEE,) West Nile virus is transmitted to horses via the bite of an The primers and probes included in the VSNJV component produce a predicted amplicon size of 266 bp. Overall, 51 horses on 36 premises in 2 states were confirmed positive. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Furthermore, we recorded an improvement in the diagnostic sensitivity for VSIV, from 94.5% (70/74) to 100% when using the 2021 protocol. Major horizontal axis lists week of year (Weeks 152) with approximate month of year displayed along minor horizontal axis. This represents an alternate mechanism for VSV control of the IFN response, beyond the recognized mechanisms mediated by the matrix protein. dysfunction. (2008) 147:30111. United States Department of Agriculture; Washington, DC, USA: 1918. Norfolk; England: Caister Academic Press (2012). Kansas State University, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Manhattan, United States, Center for Grain and Animal Health, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA, Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) emerges periodically from its focus of endemic transmission in southern Mexico to cause epizootics in livestock in the US. Anthrax Velazquez-Salinas L, Ramirez-Medina E, Rai A, Pruitt S, Vuono EA, Espinoza N, et al. 2. To gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms used by VSV to impair the immune response in macrophages, we used microarrays to determine the transcriptomic changes produced by VSV infection in primary cultures of porcine macrophages. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus - R Discovery An official website of the United States government. For more information on mosquito borne diseases visit Sci. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. Regulatory response by animal health officials is deployed to prevent spread from lesioned animals. Phylogeographic characteristics of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey viruses circulating in Mexico from 2005 to 2011 and their relationship to epidemics in the United States. This disease is reportable to the TAHC and all positive equine in the state are under In: Winter A.L., editor. Disclaimer: The United States Equestrian Federation ("USEF") and Equine Disease Communication Center ("EDCC") do not guarantee or warrant the performance of any person or entity advertising on its site. Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. the U.S. was in 1942. Numbers under different symbols represents the differences in the Ct values between samples evaluated by the two versions of the 2010 protocol. J Gen Virol. Quebec were exposed to Equine Influenza following a racing event. equi ssp zooepidemicus. online edition. Validation was performed using a set of VSNJV field samples from (A) Mexico, (B) Colombia, and VSIV field samples from (C) Colombia. Received: 25 September 2021; Accepted: 01 December 2021; Published: 20 December 2021. In order to enhance the sensitivity of the mRRT-PCR for VSNJV, parts of the assay were redesigned and revalidated using new and improved PCR chemistries. (A) Phylogenetic analysis reconstructed by maximum likelihood method representing the genetic relationship of VSNJV in the 17 tissue suspensions used for the validation of this study (highlighted in red). Conversely, no statistically significant differences were found in the six samples associated with lineages 1.1, 1.2 and endemic Mexico (Figure 2C). We look forward to your contribution. Outbreaks of Vesicular Stomatitis in Brazil caused by a distinct The organism can survive in a contaminated area for more Compared to the results obtained using the 2010 protocol with the original set of primers and probes, the 11 samples associated with lineage 2.1 showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the Ct values (between 10.25 and 11.88), producing a significant 3.5-4 log10 improvement in terms of diagnostic sensitivity for this lineage when using a combination primer and probe mix containing some of the original set and the new set (Figure 2B). This lockdown affected significantly the atmospheric pollution levels due to the restrictions of human activities. Molecular epidemiology of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus from the 2004-2005 US outbreak indicates a common origin with Mexican strains. Morozov I, Davis AS, Ellsworth S, Trujillo JD, McDowell C, Shivanna V, et al. Furthermore, low Ct values (Cts of 18-19) were obtained with the 2021 protocol, detecting viral isolates NJ0612NME6, and IN0919WYB1 associated with the 2012 VSNJV and 2019 VSIV outbreaks in the US, respectively (16, 18). Sanger sequencing of these products was performed using a BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems). ANNOUNCEMENT. The performance of the 2010 protocol using either the original or with a combination between some of the original and the new designed primerson (B) 11 samples from Central American lineage 2.1, and (C) 6 samples representing 1.1, 1.2 and endemic lineages from Mexico. other animals are also susceptible. Perez AM, Pauszek SJ, Jimenez D, Kelley WN, Whedbee Z, Rodriguez LL. by biting flies, the use of unsterilized or contaminated medical instruments, or through PDF Vesicular Stomatitis - Aaep Attending veterinarians or state animal health officials should be contacted for detailed information about specific disease incidents. Med. Vesicular Stomatitis : USDA ARS Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Mwiine FN, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Ochwo S, Munsey A, Kenney M, et al. Rapid testing is therefore critical to identify VSV and rule out FMD. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00026-6, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. Development and validation of the new set of primers and probes for the VSVNJ component. For more information about Equine Influenza, go to: https://www.equinediseasecc.org/equine-influenza, Number Suspected: UnknownNumber Exposed: 12Facility Type: StableComments: Twelve (12) horses at a stable in MRC Joliette, Quebec were exposed to Equine Influenza following a racing event. Mol Biol Evol. In this context, although we demonstrate the capability of our protocol to detect VSNJV from all genetic groups, we consider that one of the main limitations of this study is the reduced number of samples used to support the development of the new primers and probes presented herein. Like Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE), Venezuelan Accessibility Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Agricultural Pathogen and Human Medical Research Tool, Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals, Surveillance along the Rio Grande during the 2020 Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak Reveals Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of and Viral RNA Detection in Black Flies, https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101264, Molecular Pathogenesis and Immune Evasion of Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus Inferred from Genes Expression Changes in Infected Porcine Macrophages, https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091134, Detection of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Indiana from Insects Collected during the 2020 Outbreak in Kansas, USA, https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091126, Identical Viral Genetic Sequence Found in Black Flies (, https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080929, Impacts of Infectious Dose, Feeding Behavior, and Age of, https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070816, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: From Agricultural Pathogen to Vaccine Vector, https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091092, Review of Vesicular Stomatitis in the United States with Focus on 2019 and 2020 Outbreaks, https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080993. Although there was no significant differential gene expression in macrophages infected with a highly virulent epidemic strain compared to a less virulent endemic strain, the endemic strain consistently induced higher expression of all upregulated cytokines and chemokines. The effect of this variable was evidenced by the overall improvement of the 2010 protocol. Blast analysis of IN 22 probe showed 100% of identity with all VSIV isolates reported in GenBank database including all isolates reported from the most recent VSIV outbreak in the USA (16). Dr. A. Sally DavisDr. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. This was followed by a reevaluation and subsequent validation using representative strains of different VSNJV genetic groups (3), to extend its range of detection associated with genetic groups II, IV, V, and VI (10). Pathogens 2021, 10, 1264 . Although both assays exhibited comparable amplification efficiency R2 values (~0.99), the 2010 protocol using a mix between the original and new set of primers and probes appeared statistically (p < 0.05) 1,000 times more sensitive than the same protocol using the original set of primers and probes, showing the positive effect that the new set of primers and probes have in the detection of lineage 2.1 (Figure 2D). doi: 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00026-6. KH, CN, LR, and LV-S wrote the manuscript. Rapid and differential diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, and vesicular stomatitis by a new multiplex RT-PCR assay. Supplementary File 1. p. 511. -. Alignments were conducted with Jalview version 2.11.1.3 using the Clustal W algorithm. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive Anthrax is a naturally occurring disease affecting deer, cattle, exotic Overall, the interferon (IFN) response appeared to be suppressed, leading to the absence of stimulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG). All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Glanders was once prevalent worldwide, but has been eradicated or effectively controlled in Based on these findings, we consider it imperative to perform continuous molecular epidemiology studies to increase the knowledge regarding the tremendous genetic diversity associated with this virus. eCollection 2023. linked to the Equine Herpes Virus (EHV-1). Epub 2023 Feb 1. Velazquez-Salinas L, Pauszek SJ, Stenfeldt C, O'Hearn ES, Pacheco JM, Borca MV, et al. can also become infected with the disease when handling affected animals, but this is a rare event. Complete genome sequences of two vesicular stomatitis New Jersey viruses representing the 2012 U.S. epidemic strain and its closest relative endemic strain from Southern Mexico. Humans All 6 (six) recently reported Equine Influenza affected stables in Quebec are epidemiologically linked to 2 racing events. Vertical axes at right correspond to bar height and describe the number of premises reporting VSV lesion onset. Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev. The most important changes were the sequence of the primers and probes that were redesigned in the new assay to accommodate mutations in the mRRT-PCR target on the L gene. Mohler J.R. Vesicular Stomatitis of Horses and Cattle. Forty-three (43) of these premises have had only equine species clinically affected in 3 counties (Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego Counties) and one (1) premises has had clinically affected cattle (San Diego County). Since the start of the outbreak, 44 VSV-affected premises have been identified (14 confirmed positive, 30 suspect)in 1 state, California. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. For more information about Equine Influenza, go to: All 6 (six) recently reported Equine Influenza affected stables in Quebec are epidemiologically linked to 2 racing events. All 6 (six) recently reported Equine Influenza affected stables in Quebec are epidemiologically linked to 2 racing events. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. government site. This virus destroys red blood Probes were labeled at the 5'end with the reporter dye FAM and MGB was incorporated at the 3'end. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13249, 9. appear as a result of damage to blood vessels in the brain and spinal Herein, we are presenting the results of the second redesign and validation of our mRRT-PCR assay to enhance the detection of VSNJV associated with the genetic group II. KH and LV-S conceived and designed the experiments and analyzed the data. goats, llamas, alpacas, swine, deer and some other species, including bobcats, raccoons and monkeys. This represents an increase of 25.9% in the diagnostic sensitivity for detection of lineages circulating in Mexico. For more information, please refer to For more information about Equine Influenza, go to: https://www.equinediseasecc.org/equine-influenza, Number Suspected: UnknownNumber Exposed: 24Facility Type: StableComments: A stable in MRC Pierre-de-Saurel in Quebec with Standardbred racing horses and Quarter Horse pleasure riding horses were exposed to Equine Influenza following a racing event. For more information about Equine Influenza, go to: https://www.equinediseasecc.org/equine-influenza, Number Confirmed: 1Number Suspected: 13Facility Type: StableComments: The number of suspect cases in this outbreak has been updated to thirteen (13), with 1 (one) confirmed. The C. sonorensis sequence most closely matched four near-complete genomes from the 2020 outbreak in Kansas (GenBank The disease is Furthermore, the analytical sensitivity of the new mRRT-PCR was enhanced for VSNJV. The results indicated that VSV infection induced the massive expression of multiple anorexic, pyrogenic, proinflammatory, and immunosuppressive genes. Equine piroplasmosis is a blood-borne parasitic disease of horses and other equidae. Counties are color coded according to legend at bottom with darker tones (green colors) indicating relatively higher numbers of VSV-affected premises. Subsequent cases have been confirmed in the state. than one year, particularly under humid, wet conditions. doi: 10.1177/104063870601800201, 14. To evaluate the effect of the newly designed primers and probes in the detection of lineage 2.1, the 2010 protocol was performed using either the original primers and probe set or a combination including some of the original assay and the newly designed primers and probes (see Methods section for exact information about this mix. Vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the southwestern United States, 2012 J Vet Diagn Invest. doi: 10.1177/104063870902100201, 13. Viral RNA was extracted using the MagMax-96 viral RNA isolation kit (AM1836, Applied Biosystems) and a KingFisher automated extraction system (ThermoFisher Scientific) following the manufacturer's instructions. For more information about Equine Influenza, go to: https://www.equinediseasecc.org/equine-influenza, Number Confirmed: 1Number Suspected: 7Number Exposed: 3Facility Type: Stable;Age: Suckling Foal; Gender: Colt; Breed: Standardbred; Usage: Racing; Onset of Clinical Signs: 5/28/2023Clinical Signs: pneumonia; Horse Status: Quarantined; Vaccination Status: UnvaccinatedGender: Mare; Breed: Standardbred; Usage: RacingClinical Signs: Fever foals mother; Horse Status: QuarantinedComments: One (1) horse was confirmed positive for Equine Influenza, and seven (7) additional horses suspected following a racing event. Evolution and expansion dynamics of a vectorborne virus: 2004-2006 doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.05.023, 12. VEE occurred in Mexico). Updates are as follows: Since the start of the outbreak, 44 VSV-affected premises have been identified (14 confirmed positive, 30 suspect)in 1 state, California. Upper and lower means of Cts were calculated using JMP PRO software with the standard error set at p < 0.05. Re-emergence of vesicular stomatitis in the western United States is associated with distinct viral genetic lineages. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. VSV clinical manifestations, such as epithelial lesions, resemble the ones produced by foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), one of the most economically devastating livestock diseases worldwide (8). Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. It is caused by Bacillus anthracis; Comparative evaluation of pathogenicity of three isolates of vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana serotype) in pigs. To date, all confirmed cases have been vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) serotype. Outbreaks of Vesicular Stomatitis in Brazil caused by a distinct (D) Comparison in the analytical sensitivity between the two versions of the 2010 using several 10-fold dilutions of RNA extraction from a representative virus of lineage 2.1.Upper and lower means were calculated using JMP PRO software with the standard error set at p < 0.05. In order to investigate which vector species contributed to the outbreak in Kansas, we conducted insect surveillance at two farms that experienced confirmed VSV-positive cases, one each in Riley County and Franklin County. VSV is frequently isolated in vesicular fluid and from direct swabs of . Dietzgen RG. In 20192020, an outbreak of VSV Indiana serotype (VSV-IN) extended eastward into the states of Kansas and Missouri for the first time in several decades, leading to 101 confirmed premises in Kansas and 37 confirmed premises in Missouri. Fernandez J, Aguero M, Romero L, Sanchez C, Belak S, Arias M, et al. Within two weeks of the outbreak onset, 12,203 biting flies and 194 grasshoppers were collected near three equine-positive premises in Natrona County, WY. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) emerges periodically from its focus of endemic transmission in southern Mexico to cause epizootics in livestock in the US. Count of VSV-affected premises by week of reported lesion onset for 2019 and 2020. Multiplex RT-PCR detection and microarray typing of vesicular disease viruses. PDF 2020 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) Situation Report - USDA Webinars - Vesicular Stomatitis: What You Need to Know | US Equestrian doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0289, 7. To assess the accuracy of the results, this experiment was performed three times. Figure depicts, VSV-affected premises maps. Our results highlight the challenges the large genetic variability of VSV pose for virus detection by mRRT-PCR and show the importance of frequent re-evaluation and validation of diagnostic assays for VSV to ensure high sensitivity and specificity. In each graphic are depicted values of PCR efficiency, amplification factor, and R2 correlation values associated with the PCR efficiency. The sequences were obtained from swabs collected from . Velazquez-Salinas L, Pauszek SJ, Holinka LG, Gladue DP, Rekant SI, Bishop EA, et al. Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an arthropod-borne viral disease that negatively impacts domestic livestock and wildlife hosts, and economically impacts both private animal owners and the commercial liv. We previously developed and validated a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (mRRT-PCR) for detection of both VS New Jersey virus (VSNJV) and VS Indiana virus (VSIV). All Fever tick information is now located on the TAHC Fever Ticks & Pests page - Click here. 5/31/2023. To date, all confirmed cases have been vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) serotype. A Feature On May 17, 2023, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) was confirmed in equine on a San Diego County, California premises. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus(VSV) New Jersey outbreak in Southern California Tulare Lab update Equine Clostridial hepatitis Small Ruminant Caseous lymphadenitis Chlamydia and Toxoplasma abortions and stillbirths Listeria monocytogenes encephalitis Holiday Schedule: CAHFS laboratories will be closed on June 19th in observance of Juneteenth To evaluate the genetic relationship between the 17 viruses included in this study and the six genetic groups of VSNJV, a phylogenetic analysis was reconstructed by Maximum likelihood method under the general time reversible model, with a bootstrap analysis of 1,000 replicates to assess the accuracy of the reconstruction. To assess the presence of mutations potentially causing specific mismatches between regions of the L gene and the primers and probes of this assay, Sanger sequencing was conducted using the forward and reverse primers described in our 2010 protocol (10). We aimed to evaluate the performance of our mRRT-PCR assay to detect samples from both the Central American lineage 2.1 recently introduced in Mexico and the epidemic lineage 1.1. Electron temperature maps taken in the immediate vicinity of the junction, as a function of the gate and bias voltages applied to the device, reveal clearly defined Coulomb diamond patterns that indicate a maximum heat transfer at the charge degeneracy point. When locations, events or horses are at risk they will be listed. Humans also are susceptible when bitten by an infected mosquito, Regulatory response by animal health officials is deployed to prevent spread from lesioned animals. Neurological signs The 2021 protocol was also able to detect 100% of the samples (87/87) compared with a detection rate of 74.1 % (65/87) using the 2010 protocol. (2012) 157:224751. A single amino acid substitution in the matrix protein (M51R) of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus impairs replication in cultured porcine macrophages and results in significant attenuation in pigs. For this Special Issue of Pathogens, we invite you to submit research articles, review articles, short notes, and communications related to VSV molecular evolution, epidemiology, vector management, virushost interactions, pathogenesis, immunity, and VSV-based human medicine research. For more information about Equine Influenza, go to: https://www.equinediseasecc.org/equine-influenza, Number Confirmed: 1Number Suspected: 10Number Exposed: 20Facility Type: StableAge: 4; Gender: Mare; Breed: Standardbred/Pony; Usage: Racing; Onset of Clinical Signs: 5/23/2023Clinical Signs: Cough, fever; Confirmation Date: 5/30/2023; Horse Status: Recovering; Vaccination Status: VaccinatedComments: One (1) confirmed and ten (10) suspected cases of Equine influenza were reported following a racing event. Validation of the 2021 protocol for detection of VSV. Under Objective 1, under a collaborative agreement established in 2021 with Colorado State University, over 400 strains of VSIV from the 2019 outbreak were fully sequenced. doi: 10.1089/humc.2017.015, 21. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) causes a disease in susceptible livestock that is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease. However, the inclusion of the new set of primers and probes in the VSNJV component of this assay was clearly a key factor to improve the detection of the central American lineage 2.1 Regarding the improvement in the sensitivity of the VSIV component of the assay, the most likely explanation may be associated with the use of the new amplification kit and conditions. Li X, Zhao Y, Teng QY, Zhang XH, Xue J, Zhang GZ. Improvement and optimization of a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection and typing of Vesicular stomatitis virus.