Gatesoupe in 1999, defined them as microbial cells administered in a certain way, which reaches the gastrointestinal tract and remain alive with the aim of improving health [25]. Abasali H, Mohamad S. Effect of dietary supplementation with probiotic on reproductive performance of female livebearing ornamental fish. Although the guide is not focused on aquaculture products, it creates a precedent for conducting studies to evaluate the safety of probiotics in this area. government site. These conditions lead to a decreased intestinal barrier that promotes the passage of the bacteria through the mucosal epithelium. probiotics Today, consumers demand natural products, free of additives such as antibiotics; moreover, there is a tendency for preventing diseases rather than treating them. The total production of alevin per female and the relative fecundity were evaluated. Trending Hot Popular With increasing demand for environment friendly aquaculture, the use of probiotics in aquaculture is now widely accepted. Review on Probiotics Application in Aquaculture The term probiotic comes from the Latin word pro (for) and the Greek word bios (life) meaning for life and it refers to microbial feed additives which confer a health benefit to the host organism through the modulation of intestinal microbiota.This first definition provided the basis of Irianto A, Austin B. Another way to assess stress in fish involve subjecting them to heat shock, as in the case of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) grown in a recirculating system [72]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was amended with a probiotic Streptococcus strain, increasing significantly the content of crude protein and crude lipid in the fish, also weight has increased from 0.154 g to 6.164 g in 9 weeks of culture [85]. In aquaculture, the literature has reviewed and discussed the benefits of probiotics, including improving growth, providing nutritional and enzymatic contributions to the digestion of the host, enhancing immune responses and increasing disease resistance (Dawood et al. In fact, the European Union has regulated the use of antibiotics in organisms for human consumption [89]. 2023 Apr;49(2):371-384. doi: 10.1007/s10695-023-01181-w. Epub 2023 Mar 31. Shortcuts How can I make probiotic for fish at home? Probiotic bacteria modulate the gut microflora towards a favorable composition. Queiroz JF, Boyd CE. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests between authors and the commercial probiotics and trademarks mentioned in the paper. Live cells or a substrate that enhances immune function, improves digestion, and stimulates development are referred to as probiotics. As a result, it was sought to increase stress tolerance by using probiotics. Fukada H, Senzui A, Kimoto K, Tsuru K, Kiyabu Y. Comparative study between probiotic bacterium, Vianello S, Brazzoduro L, Dalla V, Belvedere P, Colombo L. Myostatin expression during development and chronic stress in zebrafish (. How to Make Probiotic With the right choice of production process, product formulation, and strains, high-quality probiotics can be successfully included in a wide variety of delivery formats to suit consumer requirements. Chou HY, Huang XY, Wang CH, Chiang HC, Lo CF. In addition, the practical application of probiotics in aquaculture diets could minimize antibiotic side effects. by RAS Aquaculture September 22, 2021, 5:00 am. Temperature is a major environmental factor controlling microbial growth and the ideal conditions differ among microorganisms. Ghosh S, Sinha A, Sahu C. Dietary probiotic supplementation on growth and health of live-bearing ornamental fishes. The group treated with probiotics showed greater tolerance in the stress test than the control group, the LT50 was 40 and 25 min, respectively. Coulibaly WH, Kouadio NR, Camara F, Digu C, Matei F. BMC Microbiol. The entire fermentation process has to be performed under fully sterile conditions. Use of a probiotic for the culture of larvae of the Pacific oyster. Global aquaculture production by http://keetonaqua.com/ more. Nowadays, a variety of probiotic strains present in the GIT of aquatic animals and nitrifying bacteria from biofilters have been isolated and characterized using biochemical, morphological, and molecular techniques [68, 119121]. Probiotics can help enhance the quality of water. Fish Physiol Biochem. This also depends on factors such as hydrobionts species, body temperature, enzyme levels, genetic resistance, and water quality. reported the use of beneficial bacteria (probiotics) to displace pathogens by competitive processes being used in animal industry as a better remedy than administering antibiotics. Creating Biofloc With Probiotic | Probiotic series Episode Some people are inclined to think that it could be both factors; furthermore, it would be important to determine whether probiotics actually taste good for aquaculture species [20]. According to the opinion of the producers, these preparations are safe to use and effective in preserving the health of aquatic animals [19]. The results show an increase in the length and weight of the ornamental fishes as well as the specific activity of proteases and amylases in the digestive tract [86]. Keywords: probiotics, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, manufacturing, strain stability. The probiotic potential against vibriosis of the indigenous microflora of rainbow trout. At present, there are several commercial preparations of probiotics that contain one or more live microorganisms, which have been introduced to improve the cultivation of aquatic organisms. However, conditions for reconstitution of these preparations such as temperature, degree of hydration, and osmolarity of the solution are vital to ensure the viability of bacteria [81]. Dietary administration of probiotic Pdp11 promotes growth and improves stress tolerance to high stocking density in gilthead seabream, Taoka Y, Maeda H, Jo JY, et al. Probiotics Added to this, significant stock mortality has been reported due to poor environmental conditions on farms, unbalanced nutrition, generation of toxins, and genetic factors [8]. All reported cases of bacteremia occurred in patients with chronic illness or a weakened immune system [69, 112]. The advancement of probiotics research and its application in fish farming industries. A working group with experts in the field was formed in order to recommend criteria and methodology for the evaluation of probiotics, based on scientific evidence [118]. in shrimp ponds, especially in sediments [18]. Lalloo et al. Burr G, Gatlin D, Ricke S. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of fish and the potential application of prebiotics and probiotics in Finnish aquaculture. A more general and common concept of probiotic is one or more microorganisms with beneficial effects for the host, able to persist in the digestive tract because of its tolerance to acid and bile salts [20]. Rosas-Ledesma P, Len-Rubio JM, Alarcn FJ, Moriigo MA, Balebona MC. Online ahead of print. [51] showed that viable probiotics administered to tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, increased non-specific immune response, determined by parameters such as lysozyme activity, neutrophile migration, and bactericidal activity, which improved the resistance of fish to infection by Edwardsiella tarda. Dietary supplementation of multi-strain probiotic in male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock: Effects on feed efficiency, hemato-biochemical parameters, immune response, and semen quality. In some trials, diet of European sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax) has supplemented with probiotic yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain X2180), assessing fish growth and activity and expression of antioxidative key enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), finding differences in enzyme activity and gene expression patterns between probiotic supplemented and nonsupplemented treatments, which was attributed to the presence of the yeast [100]. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. 1Departamento de Sistemas Biolgicos, Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, 04960 Mexico City, Mexico, 2Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, 04960 Mexico City, Mexico, 3Departamento de Hidrobiologa, Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Calcium alginate capsules for oral administration of fish probiotic bacteria: aassessment of optimal conditions for encapsulation. Vine NG, Leukes WD, Kaiser H. In vitro growth characteristics of five candidate aquaculture probiotics and two fish pathogens grown in fish intestinal mucus. The present paper shows the current knowledge of the use of probiotics in aquaculture, its antecedents, and safety measures to be carried out and discusses the prospects for study in this field. In aquaculture, the doses of paraprobiotics differ with respect to probiotic species, host species, and type of parameters investigated. Evaluating the use of, Moreira SD, Medeiros SS, Pereira LL, Romano LA, Wasielesky W, Cupertino BE. In addition, the practical application of probiotics in aquaculture diets could minimize antibiotic side effects. Further studies have stressed probiotics ability to stimulate appetite, improve absorption of nutrients, and strengthen the host immune system [19, 20]. Gmez et al. Hence, selection criteria of probiotics for aquaculture should be based on their antagonism towards pathogens (through competitive exclusion), their growth, attachment to intestinal mucus and production of beneficial compounds (Vine et al., 2004). 2023 Apr 20;14:1178462. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178462. Carnevali O, de Vivo L, Sulpizio R, et al. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In vitro studies using the agar spot method (Rosskopf, 2010) have shown that Enterococcus faecium (strain IMB 52, BIOMIN) has inhibition properties against a wide spectrum of aquatic pathogens including Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio harveyi, Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas veronii. Each probiont was added to the feed to achieve a final concentration of approximately 107 cellsg1 of dry feed. Later, Sperti [59] modified the concept of tissue extracts that stimulate microbial growth.. Tuohy KM, Probert HM, Smejkal CW, Gibson GR. Currently, next-generation sequencing methodologies offer great potential for phylogenetic identification of probiotic microorganisms without using conventional cultivation techniques. on the case of fermentation processes, the interest has been focused on optimizing the fermentation conditions to increase the viability and functionality of probiotics, improving performance [77]. Using probiotics and prebiotics to improve gut health. Vine NG, Leukes WD, Kaiser H, Daya S, Baxter J, Hecht T. Competition for attachment of aquaculture candidate probiotic and pathogenic bacteria on fish intestinal mucus. The application of probiotics in aquaculture shows promise, but needs considerable efforts of research. In 1905, Dr. Elie Metchnikoff was the first to describe the positive role played by some bacteria among farmers who consumed pathogen-containing milk and that reliance on gut microbes for food makes it possible to take steps to change the flora of our bodies and to replace harmful microbes by beneficial microbes [57]. Afterwards, it was suggested that probiotics were monocultures or mixed cultures of microorganisms applied to animals or humans, that benefit the host by improving properties of indigenous microflora [62]. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). [49]. Safety of commercial products with viable. In fact, the bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of aquatic animals have shown chitinases, proteases, cellulases, lipases, and trypsin [67]. The working group stated that no pathogenic or virulent properties were found in lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, or lactococci, although they acknowledged that under certain conditions, some strains of lactobacilli have been associated with rare cases of bacteremia. Wang YB, Li JR, Lin J. Probiotics in aquaculture: challenges and outlook. This review provides updated information regarding definitions, sources of bacterial probiotics, probiotic use in fish diets against pathogenic bacteria, mechanisms of action, beneficial aspects, and potential applications of probiotics in fish. The results obtained so far raise the possibility of preparing the fish in advance with probiotic treatment, for conventional aquacultures practices that create stress in animals, such as transport, change in water temperature, and periodic manipulations [46]. Epub 2023 May 12. Promoting these feed additives for fish would help to improve their productive performance and feed utilization and, therefore, boost fish production and safeguard human health. Saxelin M, Rautelin H, Salminen S, Makela PH. E. faecium was found to be more psychrotolerant than the other two bacteria, growing well at temperatures ranging from 12 to 30 C. Microbiol Spectr. and transmitted securely. WebAbout 70% of the fishmeal and oil are produced from the harvest of small, open-ocean (pelagic) fish such as anchovies, herring, menhaden, capelin, anchovy, pilchard, sardines, and mackerel. The current global food crisis and increasing production costs has put pressure on governments and the international community to ensure sufficient food supply for a growing population. In white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone and Fenneropenaeus indicus, various strains of Bacillus have been used as probiotics to increase apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and phosphorus. Meanwhile, Wang et al. The most common probiotics used in aquaculture include lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus-sp., Bacillus-sp., Enterococcus-sp., and yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Probiotics Probiotics can also help prevent disease by keeping harmful bacteria and Screening and evaluation of probiotics as a biocontrol agent against pathogenic, Vijayan KK, Bright Singh IS, Jayaprakash NS, et al. However, there is clearly a need in increasing our knowledge of intestinal microbiology and of effective preparation and safety evaluation of probiotics. Resistance to antibiotics is acquired in two ways: chromosomal mutation or acquisition of plasmids. Taoka et al. Nowadays, there is documented evidence that probiotics can improve the digestibility of nutrients, increase tolerance to stress, and encourage reproduction. The .gov means its official. It is anticipated that these will be of significant value for nutritionists, agricultural engineers, researchers, pharmacists, scientists, pharmaceutical industries, and veterinarians. In addition, this can balance the production of phytoplankton [13]. A diet was formulated with a mixture of the three putative probiotics. Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W. Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. However, very little differences were significant for the determined water quality variables (ammonia, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, soluble reactive phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen) between the treated and control ponds. Go to: 1. The need for increased disease resistance, growth of aquatic organisms, and feed efficiency has brought about the use of probiotics in aquaculture practices. Robertson PAW, ODowd C, Burrells C, Williams P, Austin B. In fish, like other organisms, the lack of balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense system (so-called oxidative stress) can cause DNA hydroxylation, protein denaturation, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and ultimately cell damage. PMC Later, probiotics were used to improve water quality and control of bacterial infections. Probiotics treatment as method of biocontrol in aquaculture. Lahtinen SJ, Boyle RJ, Margolles A, Fras R, Gueimonde M. Safety assessment of probiotics. Do probiotics work in aquaculture The American Gastroenterological Association recommends use of probiotics in three specific situations: (1) to prevent gut infections while taking antibiotics, (2) in preterm infants, and (3) in people with inflammatory bowel disease who have a condition called pouchitis. Use or the probiotic, Zhou XX, Wang YB, Li WF. Medina RC, Cordero EB. How much probiotic should I add to my fish food? Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Does dietary administration of. Aquaculture's contribution to world food production, raw materials for industrial and pharmaceutical use, and aquatic organisms for stocking or ornamental trade has increased dramatically in recent decades. E. faecium was even detected in the fish gut and faeces 10 days after product administration. Evaluation of the in vivo and in vitro interleukin-12 p40 and p35 subunit response in yellowtail (, Immunomodulatory effects of bacteriocinogenic and non-bacteriocinogenic. More recently, systems have been developed for immobilization of probiotics, especially using microencapsulation. In: Michel C, Alderman D, editors. Sugita H, Mizuki H, Itoi S. Diversity of siderophore-producing bacteria isolated from the intestinal tracts of fish along the Japanese coast. Benefits of Probiotics in Aquaculture | Probiotic series Episode 03. by RAS Aquaculture October 11, 2021, 3:00 am. Probiotic is a relatively new term which is used to name microorganisms that are associated with the beneficial effects for the host. Academic Editors: D. H. Kingsley and M. Mitsumori. 8600 Rockville Pike Poor results are many times related to low-quality and inadequate probiotics. Cambio en la flora intestinal de ratones por la administracin de bifidobacterias y jugo de girasol. Focused on the application to aquaculture, Rosas et al. Vine NG, Leukes WD, Kaiser H. Probiotics in marine larviculture. Ling YH, Shang SY, Long MR, Dan YJ. Additionally to the improper management of probiotics, the use of fake probiotics, which have unconventional manufacturing processes and/or an undefined blend of bacteria, cultivated in the backyard (Picture 4), can lead to doubts about significant effects and benefits of probiotics. According to Balczar et al. He used spores of Bacillus toyoi as feed additive to increase the growth rate of yellow tail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Beneficial aspects; Fish; Health; Mechanisms of action; Nutrition; Potential applications; Probiotics. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03980-22. On the other hand, there is a need to strengthen studies of microbial ecology in aquaculture systems, correlating microbial communities (microorganisms on water and in the GIT of aquatic species) with animal growth and its relationship to the water quality. WebDevelopment of probiotics in aquaculture management will reduce the use of antimicrobial drugs which were prophylactive alone and whose over dependence in recent times poses potential hazards to man who consume them [ 10 ]. Moreover, under these conditions of intensive production, aquatic species are subjected to high-stress conditions, increasing the incidence of diseases and causing a decrease in productivity [7]. However, the success of probiotic supplementations depends on the strains, concentrations and management used. The first application of probiotics occurred in 1986, to test their ability to increase growth of hydrobionts (organisms that live in water). The potential of probiotics: a review. [106] isolated several strains of Bacillus from Cyprinus carpio and carried out tests to improve water quality in ornamental fish culture and to inhibit the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila. In order to avoid or reduce the use of certain antimicrobials, biological control was tested, described as the use of natural enemies to reduce the damage caused by harmful organisms. had the ability to increase the beneficial bacterial microbiota of Penaeus vannamei shrimp, further reducing the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen from 3.74 to 1.79mgL1 and phosphate from 0.1105 to 0.0364mg L1 [107]. Efecto de los fructooligosacridos en la poblacin bacteriana fecal de un neonato, crecida en cultivo por lote. The aim of this paper is to present an updated concept of probiotics, current uses in aquaculture, commercial presentations, and a final approach to prospect applications in this area. Pineiro M, Stanton C. Probiotic bacteria: Legislative frameworkrequirements to evidence basis. Balczar JL, Blas ID, Ruiz-Z I, Cunningham D, Vendrell D, Mzquiz JL. Probably since this bacterial group is more efficient than gram-negative in transforming organic matter to CO2. 2023 ‐ The Fish Site Limited, 7/8 Liberty St, Cork, T12 T85H, Ireland; CRO 707192 probiotics FOIA Mentioning of those products is related to the scientific literature cited in the text with the mere purpose of illustrating the wide range of probiotic applications. Dakar AY, Shalaby SM, Saoud IP. The evidences found in our work allow us to conclude that larval survival is favored by the application of probiotics in the use of vectors such as rotifers, artemia and biofilms. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted showed that a commercial product made from Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nitrosomonas sp., and Nitrobacter sp. National Library of Medicine have conducted studies on the gilt-head bream (Sparus auratus); the glycogen and triglycerides reserves in the livers of the control group were significantly decreased in relation to concentrations obtained when the fish feed was supplemented with the probiotic Alteromonas sp. The initial interest was focused on their use as growth promoters and to improve the health of animals; however, new areas have been found, such as their effect on reproduction or stress tolerance, although this requires a more scientific development. The human probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, USA), was used in rainbow trout for 51 days to reduce mortality by Aeromonas salmonicida, the causative agent of the fish disease furunculosis (one of the major fish diseases in many parts of world). Kautsky N, Rnnbck P, Tedengren M, Troell M. Ecosystem perspectives on management of disease in shrimp pond farming. [79] have effectively encapsulated cells of Shewanella putrefaciens in calcium alginate, demonstrating the survival of encapsulated probiotic cells through the gastrointestinal tract of sole (Solea senegalensis). Introduction Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms by intervention in the rearing process to enhance production and private ownership of the stock being cultivated. WebIn aquaculture, probiotics confer several benefits and play important roles in improving growth performances, disease resistance, immunity, health status, intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, gut microbiome, and water quality. Use of dead probiotic cells to control furunculosis in rainbow trout, Ravi AV, Musthafa KS, Jegathammbal G, Kathiresan K, Pandian SK. Mode of Action of Probiotics Application in Aquaculture The results showed high activities of antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (283.7 and 153.7mol min1 in control and treated groups, resp.) Accessibility Bacillus as gut probiotic significantly enhances growth, immune response, and disease resistance in several aquatic cultured organisms. The need for sustainable aquaculture has promoted research into the use of probiotics on aquatic organisms. Abasali and Mohamad [55] increased the gonadosomatic index and the production of fingerlings in females of reproductive age, using mixed cultures consisting of L. acidophilus, L. casei, E. faecium, and B. thermophilum (Primalac). WHO. in China [3], but became important in the late nineteen-forties, since the methods of aquaculture could be used to restock the waters as a complement to natural spawning. Probiotics also have been tested successfully in shellfish culture. Thus published evidence for improving water quality is limited, except for the nitrification [65]. [72] used Alchem Poseidon and Alchem Korea CO and Wonju Korea CO, which have mixed cultures of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Clostridium butyricum) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), enhanced nonspecific immune parameters of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus such as lysozyme activity, migration onf neutrophils, and plasma bactericidal activity, resulting in improvement of resistance to Edwardsiella tarda infection. and transmitted securely. There is growing interest in the use of beneficial bacteria,probiotics, as an alternative strategy to antimicrobial compoundsfor disease prevention and control in aquaculture. A probiotic strain of, Austin B, Baudet E, Stobie M. Inhibition of bacterial fish pathogens by, Youping Y, Dongdong M, Shijiang L, Zhongkang W. Effects on growth and digestive enzyme activities of the, Abdullah AM, Hashim R, Aliyu PM. Panigrahi et al. Interested to learn more about aquaculture? Regarding safety of aquaculture products, in Asia and more recently in Latin America cultures of Penaeus monodon have been reported with bacterial white spot syndrome (BWSS), in farms with recurrent use of probiotics based on Bacillus subtilis. Disclaimer. eCollection 2023. This growth rate is due to several factors: (1) many fisheries have reached their maximum sustainable exploitation, (2) consumer concerns about security and safety of their food, (3) the market demand for high-quality, healthy, low-calorie, and high-protein aquatic products, and (4) aquatic breeding makes only a minimum contribution to carbon dioxide emission [1, 2]. Bondad MG, Subasinghe RP, Arthur JR, et al. Currently, the lyophilized commercial preparations have advantages for storage and transport. Probiotics in aquaculture: Challenges and outlook The pioneer study on the effect of probiotic supplementation on reproductive performance of fish was carried out by Ghosh et al. There is plenty of evidence that probiotics supplemented in feed and water are effective in aquaculture application. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Irianto A, Austin B. Probiotics in aquaculture. This report summarizes the probiotics selection procedures, application and its significance in aquaculture. In general, the antibacterial effect is due to one or more of the following factors: production of antibiotics, bacteriocins, siderophores, enzymes (lysozymes, proteases) and/or hydrogen peroxide, as well as alteration of the intestinal pH due to the generation of organic acids [65]. Inhibition of, Gram L, Lvold T, Nielsen J, Melchiorsen J, Spanggaard B. QB Labs is Leading the Way in Natural Probiotic Water Treatment Solutions for Aquaculture. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and their synergism against antibiotics on the growth performance and hematology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).The study was designed by using five treatments over 75 days in which T Con (control), T Ant (antibiotics: Cotrim vet), T Pro [13], probiotic microorganisms are able to colonize gastrointestinal tract when administered over a long period of time because they have a higher multiplication rate than the rate of expulsion, so as probiotics constantly added to fish cultures, they adhere to the intestinal mucosa of them, developing and exercising their multiple benefits. Other research has suggested the importance of managing the probiotic in all ontogenetic stages of the shrimp to generate a constant effect on the production of digestive enzymes [102]. Water quality and sludge characterization at raceway-system trout farms. from the digestive tract of abalone (Haliotis midae). An evaluation of two probiotic bacterial strains, Nikoskelainen S, Ouwehand A, Salminen S, Bylund G. Protection of rainbow trout (. Received 2012 Jul 31; Accepted 2012 Aug 29. Dohail A, Abdullah M, Roshada H, Aliyu M. Effects of the probiotic, Tapia PA, Daz RP, Len RJ, et al. The need for increased disease resistance, growth of aquatic organisms, and feed efficiency has brought about the use of probiotics in aquaculture practices. Although the use of probiotics in aquaculture is relatively recent, interest in them has increased due to their potential in disease control [19]; however, gradually other applications have been proposed (summarized in Table 1), that will be addressed in detail later. Effects of probiotics on growth, survival, and intestinal and liver morphometry of Gangetic mystus (. In turn, Robertson et al. Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Intestine of Freshwater Fishes and Elucidation of Probiotic Potential for Aquaculture Application. Planas et al. The interest in probiotics as an environmentally friendly alternative is increasing and its application is both empirical and scientific. Contradictorily, Queiroz and Boyd [22] tested a commercial probiotic in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), noting a survival and net fish production significantly higher when the probiotic was applied. Probiotics