Safety around slurry stores: the grants available and how to qualify. This study highlighted the need for good hygienic conditions, regular disinfection of holdings, rapid treatment of infected calves, and examination of the incoming calves to prevent dermatophytic epizoonoses in calves and humans. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12719. Various solutions, including Betadine, chlorhexidine and dilute "Chlorox" as well as antifungal ointments . https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652011000200007. 2007;40:165563. Yasmine H. Tartor. Other reasons are the presence of non-viable fungal material in specimens from treated calves or that the DNA extraction step ease overcoming the impediment of trapping fungus in the keratin [20]. From May 2015 to December 2018, a total of 760 Holstein cow calves (597 weaning and 163 suckling calves) raised in different farms in Egypt, were clinically examined for evidence of ringworm infection. Ringworm is a problem in show animals and club calves; there are rules against bringing affected animals to a show because ringworm is contagious. 3a and were as follows: antioxidant activity of 85.3% for AGE, 92.2% for gallic acid, and 88.6% for Tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) after 2h of reaction. Tax breaks sought for vacant farmhouse sales. There are commercial wart vaccines that can be given, but their effectiveness varies, said Cole. Ringworm is a common problem in cattle during the winter housing period, particularly in younger animals who have yet to develop an immune response. A gelpilot 100bp DNA ladder (Qiagen, Gmbh, Germany) and a 100bp DNA ladder H3 RTU (Genedirex, Taiwan) were used to determine the amplicon sizes. The treated groups showed significantly lower clinical scores vs. the control group (P<0.05). For the high-throughput disruption of samples, 50mg of hair and scales were placed in a 2mL safe-lock tube and incubated overnight at 55C with 360L of ATL buffer and 20L of QIAGEN protease (QIAamp DNA Mini kit, Qiagen, Germany, GmbH). address. 2 a, b, and c). Soak it really well. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Treatment of ringworm in calf with 500ppm topical AGE (A) calf at day 0 before treatment and (B) after 20days post-treatment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.053. Transbound Emerg Dis. Agnetti F, Righi C, Scoccia E, Felici A, Crotti S, Moretta I, et al. Specificity and PPVs were 100% for nested PCR and culture; therefore, they were considered as the gold standard, while the corresponding values were 41.67 and 81.08% for direct microscopy. Animals in G5 were left untreated (as controls). The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of nested PCR is much higher than that of any other test which implies that the diagnostic performance of nested PCR was the best and was in strong agreement with the results obtained using culture and nested PCR results (Kappa value=0. 10 : No. This content is available to digital subscribers, You must be signed in, in order to avail of this feature, https://www.farmersjournal.ie/beef-management-dealing-with-ringworm-in-young-cattle-595882. To date, molecular assays have been used for the detection of dermatophytes in clinical samples, as well as confirmation tests of the results of culture [17, 18]. Google Scholar. Is it illegal to sell cattle with ringworm? YT, WE, AM, MA, RM, HD, HM contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02616-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02616-9. A calf that is orphaned on the range, whose dam doesnt milk well, or any animal with a mineral deficiency could be a prime candidate for contracting ringworm. You must have JavaScript enabled to enjoy a limited number of articles over the next 7 days. 11 Ringworm in Cattle Often a winter problem, ringworm is most frequently seen in young animals. However, the antidermatophytic potential of natural products is plagued by a lack of in vivo studies affirming the antifungal activity of bioactive compounds discovered using in vitro studies [9]. Animals have the ability to develop immunity to the wart virus after exposure to a new strain. A deficiency in certain vitamins can contribute to the skin problem, said Cole. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01157.x. It occurs in all species of mammals including cattle and man. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.10.003. As revealed in Fig. WE, AM collected the samples. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). Your US state privacy rights, J Stat Model Anal. Treatment is generally just topical application and tincture of time, she says. Chermette R, Ferreiro L, Guillot J. Dermatophytoses in animals. MIC values, MIC50,and MIC90 were determined. On farms that buy in weanlings or dairy-bred calves during spring, make sure cattle pens are thoroughly washed and disinfected between each batch of animals arriving on farm. After a couple of heifers come down with ringworm, Kyle must treat it! Lund A, Deboer DJ. The present findings showed that calves ringworm was caused by T. verrucosum in 90.24% and T. mentagrophytes in 9.76% of cases. 2014;10:74953. On clinical examination, 55.79% of calves (424/760) showed grayish-white, crusty, circular, and circumscribed discrete lesions (Additional Fig. The random forest classification model and box plot (Fig. Warnings In contrast, the prevalence rate was higher than the 1.6% documented in Pakistan [12], but lower than the 87.7% reported in the Tuscany region [4] and the 71.7% observed in nearby Umbria, in Italy [11]. My girlfriends father had a few with it last year and he covered the ringworm in manucka honey and it cured it, it suprised me to be honest. It is caused by several different fungi, which are fairly widespread in the environment. The risk of dermatophytosis was higher in 46-month-old vs. 1-month-old calves (60% vs. 41%), and in summer and winter compared with spring and autumn seasons (66 and 54% vs. 48%). Papini R, Nardoni S, Fanelli A, Mancianti F. High infection rate of Trichophyton verrucosum in calves from Central Italy. Ural K, Ulutas B. Immunization with Trichophyton verrucosum vaccine in hunter/jumper and dressage horses with naturally occurring Trichophyton equinum infection: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The electron-donation ability of AGE was measured by bleaching of the DPPH (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) purple-colored solution using a UV spectrophotometer (Jenway-UVVIS Spectrophotometer 6705) [37]. Angus Beef Bulletin If you can't find it in your inbox, Dermatophytosis in calves is a major public and veterinary health concern worldwide because of its zoonotic potential and associated economic losses in cattle farms. Vet Dermatol. Therefore, the development of a precise laboratory test for the identification of dermatophyte species is pivotal for the prevention and effective control of dermatophytoses [2]. Authors thanks Dr. Hager F. Gouda, Animal Wealth Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt, for her contribution to statistical analysis. However, this condition has lacked adequate attention; thus, to develop effective control measures, we determined ringworm prevalence, risk factors, and the direct-sample nested PCR diagnostic indices compared with the . BMC Vet Res 16, 421 (2020). A lower diagnostic accuracy was recorded for the direct microscopy and one-step PCR (50 < AUC70%). The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the GenBank under accession numbers: MK918485, MK918486, MT261760MT261763, MT261765MT261768, MT260175, MT260404, MT260449, MT260803, MT273253MT273262, MT260878, MT261110, MT261113, MT261177, MT261197, MT261198, MT261202, MT261203, MT261385, MT261616, MT261746, MT261759, and MT269023. Hence, repeated topical treatment of all infected animals, together with good ventilation and thorough disinfection of stables, halters, fences, cleaning tools, and all of the materials that come into contact with the animals are the basis for the effective control of cattle ringworm [11, 14]. The ability of AGE and synthetic antioxidants (gallic aid and TBHQ) to hinder the bleaching of -carotene (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was examined according to Dastmalchi et al. Average total score of each animal=Sum of scores assigned to all evaluated areas/ Number of affected areas [44]. Species identification, strain differentiation, and antifungal susceptibility of dermatophyte species isolated from clinically infected Arabian horses. The antidermatophytic activity of AGE recognized here was inconsistent with the findings of a previous report [29], which showed that the water extract of Aloe vera was effective against T. mentagrophytes. Please click here to continue without javascript.. [Podcast] A producers take on virtual fencing, and insights on interest rates and inflation with Clay Burtrum and Elliott Dennis, Addressing risks and language barriers for immigrant feedyard workers, [Podcast] Mineral: Your key to optimal cattle performance, Spring vaccinations set calves up for long-term success, The role of active ingredients in effectively managing parasites, Remote Walk Over Weighing Systems Make Your Pastures Smart, Burgett Farm is All In on Rotational Grazing for Soil Productivity, Cattle Health and Offering Consumers Farm to Table Choices. In the beginning, during and after the treatment, the clinical efficacy was assessed by scoring dermatophytosis lesions on a 03 scale using previously published criteria [41,42,43] (Additional Table 2). In this context, research articles that addressed the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment of calves ringworm in Egypt are scarce. How to Treat Ringworm in Cattle | Morning Ag Clips Food Chem Toxicol. Angus Journal | Angus Journal Daily | Angus TV, About the Angus Beef Bulletin EXTRA : Privacy : Contacts : Industry events, [Click here to go to the top of the page. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13584. The literature tells us that in many herds about 20% of the cows may carry some of these fungi, but the organisms may not always cause ringworm except in susceptible individuals, she says. 2019;9:1523. BVD (bovine viral diarrhea) or malnutrition may predispose young animals to ringworm, she adds. How do I listen totheProgressive Cattlepodcast?Listen here. 2011;2:2133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01832.x. Springer Nature. Clinical scores carrying asterisks with the same color was statistically different. Calves were observed daily for 6weeks. The amount of total phenolic compounds in AGE was 111.78mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g1 of gel. J Infect Dev Ctries. There is a ringworm vaccine that has been used in cattle and horses in Europe, but it is not available in the U.S. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies in accordance with our. Mycoses. In contrast, samples from the untreated control calves repeatedly yielded positive mycological results during the investigation period. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. Treating Ringworm In Cattle | Livin' On The Farm - YouTube Tartor YH, El Damaty HM, Mahmmod YS. YT, WE, AM, MA, RM, HD, HM contributed to the study design and the execution of experiments. In addition, MT273253 MT273262 were for pchs-1 gene sequences. Skin Problems in Young Cattle: Warts and Ringworm | TSLN.com How do I submit an idea for an article? Magagnin CM, Stopiglia CDO, Vieira FJ, Heidrich D, Machado M, Vetoratto G, et al. Thus, ringworm is a potential zoonotic disease. Neglected fungal zoonoses: hidden threats to man and animals. Aloe vera is a plant of the Liliaceae family that has multiple applications, including antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiseptic properties and use in cosmetics industries [10]. Bioinformatics. The major phenolic compounds of AGE were identified by HPLC and are presented in Table 4. 2008;28:5903. Silva MRR, Oliveira JG, Fernandes OFL, Passos XS, Costa CR, Souza LKH, et al. The spores can remain alive for years in a dry environment. 1A); moreover, alopecic, erythematous areas that remained after the removal of raised greasy crusts were observed occasionally (Additional Fig. The concentration that inhibited the fungal growth was considered as the MIC. Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. 2 Tbsp beeswax (I have the pelleted form) Melt it together over low heat and just rub it onto the affected areas. Moriello KA, Deboer DJ, Schenker R, Blum JL, Volk LM. PCR was performed in an amplification reaction containing 12.5L of EmeraldAmp Max PCR Master Mix (Takara, Japan), 1L of each primer (20pmol), 6L of DNA template in the case of primary PCR or 1L of diluted product from the primary PCR (dilution, 1:1 with molecular-grade water) for nested PCR and nuclease-free water was added up to 25L. The efficacy of the topical application of AGE for 2weeks twice daily was compared with topical miconazole 2%, oral terbinafine with topical AGE and once-daily oral terbinafine in proven T. verrucosum infected calves. The recognized antidermatophytic potential of AGE is an advantageous addition to the therapeutic outcomes of commercial drugs. Is tactic any cure for ringworm in cattle it says it kills mange and lice, ringworm is a fungus. Accordingly, AGE might be more advantageous than the isolated components, as the properties of a bioactive individual constituent can change its properties in the presence of other compounds [27]. Veterinary handbook for cattle, sheep and goats > Diseases Cobranosa) leaves. Out of the 66 samples that were negative for dermatophytes in culture, non- dermatophyte molds were cultured from 21 samples that were test-positive only by one-step PCR. steri 7 t a biocidal cleaner that will clear it all up neabour and osmonds spelt wrong might try it with the minnerals, Music Production Commercial https://doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200982739. El Damaty HM, Tartor YH, Mahmmod YS. Since ringworm is a condition that can be transmitted from animal to animal, veterinarians must complete a health paper. Scabies is very itchy, however, and ringworm is not. Anyone know the answer to OP would dept of Agriculture man if present have put them into isolation ? 4, the clinical scores of the five animal groups did not differ significantly on days 0 and 7, while the treated groups showed significantly lower clinical scores than did the control (untreated) group (G5) on days 14, 21, 28, and 42 (P<0.05). Create an account and see website content tailored to your operation. Sign in to your account, use the code or subscribe for just 1 to get unlimited access for 30 days. Lopes G, Pinto E, Salgueiro L. Natural products: an alternative to conventional therapy for dermatophytosis? Direct microscopic observation of skin scrapings and hair samples revealed the presence of ectothrix arthroconidia in 84.91% (360/424) of samples, whereas, 79.72% (338/424) were positive for mycological culture. 4). The implementation of a nested PCR assay provided a rapid diagnostic tool for dermatophytosis and complemented the conventional methods for dermatophyte-species-specific detection for the initiation of targeted treatment, thus reducing the burden of the economic losses caused by ringworm infection. Australas J Dermatol. The fungus is passed from animal to animal when they come in contact with one another or when they rub on feeders, posts and trees. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. Some warts are not much bigger than a pea while some grow to fist size or greater. M38-A2 Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi; Approved Standard. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12821. Ringworm in Cattle | The Beef Site The calves were successfully treated with topical AGE (500ppm), resulting in clinical and mycological cure within 1428days of the experiment; however, the recovery was achieved earlier in the topical miconazole 2% and AGE plus oral terbinafine groups. Terbinafine and miconazole were the most active antifungal agents for dermatophytes. Hence, this work was designed to investigate (i) the prevalence and risk factors of calves ringworm in Egypt, (ii) the diagnostic indices of direct nested PCR for the detection and identification of dermatophyte species on hair and scale samples compared with those of the conventional microscopic and culture methods, (iii) the biological activity and phenolic composition of an Aloe Vera gel extract (AGE), (iv) the antifungal activity of AGE in comparison to the antifungal drugs, and (v) the application of AGE for the treatment of calves ringworm. Various risk factors that were recorded on the whole set of the 760 clinically examined calves for ringworm lesions were included as independent variables in a multiple step-wise logistic regression model (PROC LOGISTIC, SAS Institute Inc. [45]). In the early stages, affected areas are small, with raised skin and rough hair. How to Treat Ringworm in Cattle Ringworm can infect humans and all domesticated animals, as well as live on a variety of surfaces for months or even years PUBLISHED ON May 22, 2023 Did you know ringworm can survive on surfaces for months waiting to infect another cow or even you? Deep facial mycosis due to Trichophyton verrucosummolecular genetic identification of the dermatophyte in paraffin-embedded tissuecase report and review of the literature. Ringworm, an unsightly skin disease, is contagious from animal to animal and can be transmitted between species. Decision by World Organisation for Animal Health marks a big step forward in restoring beef trade where it's been banned because of BSE. Understanding the cause of ringworm is crucial if you want the treatment to be effective. According to previous studies [11, 15], T. verrucosum is the main dermatophyte causing cattle ringworm, although T. mentagrophytes which is usually associated with the presence of small rodents in farm has also been isolated in this context. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Ringworm lesions tend to be dry in the middle and flat and crusty on the outside, explains Andi Lear, noting that the fungus is self-limiting. The total phenolic content, expressed as GAE, was calculated as follows: y=0.0228 x+0.0086 and R2=0.9969, where x is the concentration (g GAE) and y is the absorbance. 2018;61:83744. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Treating warts and ringworm on cattle - | Ag Proud In contrast, using the combination of culture and nested PCR as the gold standard, nested PCR was superior to the other methods as it achieved a sensitivity value of 94.74%, whereas culture and direct microscopy exhibited sensitivities of 73.68 and 78.95%, respectively. However, no reports exist of the activity of AGE against T. verrucosum. the age of calves was the most important risk factor, followed by the production system, presence of parasitic infestation, and irregular use of disinfectant was the fourth most risk factor. "Both of those conditions seem to surface in the late winter. 2003;78:517S20S. Ringworm is a Hard Cycle to Break - DTN Progressive Farmer Treatment is not usually necessary unless you have cattle going to a show or sale, said Cole. Ringworm is a very common and highly transmissible skin infection, passed between both cattle and humans. The clinical scores were significantly lower in all treated groups after 14days of treatment compared with the untreated group (P<0.05), whereas complete clinical recovery was achieved earlier in the miconazole group and AGE with oral terbinafine group vs. both the oral terbinafine group and AGE alone group. 2010;48:222738. AGE displayed a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) that was comparable to that of TBHQ and gallic acid (Fig. The amplified products were electrophoresed on ethidium-bromide-stained 1.5% agarose gels (Applichem, Germany, GmbH). Mycopathologia. Treatment of dermatophytosis in young cattle with propolis and whitfields ointment. In accordance with other studies [4, 11], the random forest classification and box plot model indicated that age was the most important risk factor, as the risk of infection was higher in calves aged 46month than it was in younger suckling calves (60% vs. 41%); and this could be attributed to the stressors of weaning and rapid growth. Submit a request to be listed for FREE in the Buyers Guidehere. by Heather Smith Thomas Ringworm, an unsightly skin disease, is contagious from animal to animal and can be transmitted between species. Mycopathologia. Evaluation of phenolic compounds in commercial fruit juices and fruit drinks. Importantly, Trichophyton verrucosum is the predominant zoophilic dermatophyte causative species of dermatophytosis in cattle and can occasionally spread to humans through direct contact with cattle or infected fomites, causing highly inflammatory skin and hair dermatophytoses [4,5,6]. Animals with skin abrasions maybe scraped while fighting one another, when put through a chute or being moved through the brush may get ringworm. 2016; 2016. p. 53945. The nested PCR assay provided a rapid diagnostic tool for dermatophytosis and complemented the conventional methods for initiating targeted treatments for ringworm in calves. 2015;6:110. There is no subscription associated with this email The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. All the pens received similar management conditions. The highest risk of calves dermatophytosis was observed in summer and winter compared with spring and autumn seasons (65.5 and 54% vs. 48%). The skin lesions were mostly found on the head and neck (46.69%) and all over the body (44.81%). 2013;54:1058. won't bleach hair!) 29 September 2022 2 minute read Cause Ringworm is one of the commonest skin diseases in such cattle. 2013;51:13643. indicating a high significant difference between the control untreated group and all other groups within the same days. All samples were filtered through a 0.45m Acrodisc syringe filter (Gelman Laboratory, MI) before injection. 1988;36:20907. A clear or scaly area inside the ring, perhaps with a scattering of bumps whose color ranges from red on white skin to reddish, purplish, brown or gray on black and brown skin. Pereira A, Ferreira I, Marcelino F, Valento P, Andrade P, Seabra R, et al. Thats probably because during the winter, cattle are in close proximity to one another at feed bunks and hay racks. CAS As described previously [2, 5, 11, 15], the detected clinical signs of cattle dermatophytosis were crusty lesions on the head and neck regions and other parts of the body. Direct microscopic examination and fungal cultures yielded negative results within the 4th week of treatment. The risk of infection in intensive breeding system, newly purchased animals introduced to the farm, and conditions of parasitic infestation was higher (2.971, 5.497, and 1.720 times, respectively) compared with semi-intensive breeding system, the animals born at the farm, and the absence of parasitic infestation with relative risk 1.486, 1.713, and 1.245, respectively. The Pan-dermatophyte PCR could specifically detected dermatophyte DNA in 58%; one-step PCR did so in 62%; and nested PCR was positive in 72% of 150 samples (Table2) with 440bp pchs-1 amplicons, 900bp ITS+ amplicons, and 400bp ITS-1 amplicons, respectively (Fig. Wollina and coauthors [17] have failed to cultivate T. verrucosum from the sample of a patient with severe tinea barbae. Piri F, Mahmoudabadi AZ, Ronagh A, Ahmadi B, Makimura K, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. There are several types of disinfectants that can be applied topically to the lesions. Interaction, Climate Change, Sustainability & The first and most crucial step is to confirm that your cattle have ringworms. Phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity of olive (Olea europaea L. Cv. To continue reading, sign in to your, This content is available to digital subscribers and loyalty code users only. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.031. In contrast, the lesions detected on the control animals (G5) progressed and did not heal until 42days of the study. Young cattle may develop ringworm in the fall and winter even if there weren't animals in the herd with ringworm during summer; the spores are waiting to infect susceptible animals when conditions are right. Most outbreaks are caused by Trichophyton verrucosum with Trichophyton mentagrophytes less common. J Equine Vet Sci. 3rd ed. The mycological examination was performed every week until two consecutive fungal cultures gave negative results [30, 44]. Peaks were identified based on congruent retention times and UV spectra and compared with those of the standards (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Ringworm is usually enzootic in cattle herds and is more prevalent in calves [2]. Food Chem. However, real-time PCR and ITS2 sequencing successfully detected T. verrucosum. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf062970x. By Jane Meggitt | Updated August 11, 2017 If your cattle develop circular lesions on their skin, odds are they're suffering from ringworm. Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub - Ringworm - Farm Health Online MEGA5 program, product version 5.1 (www.megasoftware.net) was used for sequence analysis. The plates were incubated for 5days at 25C. Area per calf in each pen was not less than 4m2 to avoid the overcrowding. Gupta VK, Mahendran K, Pathak R, Ramkumar PK, Kumar ORV. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty528. ANSWER: It's important to remember ringworm spores can exist in the environment for months or even years. Mycopathologia. 3; 2009. p. 90613. 15-01-2012 12:03am #1 Bodacious Closed Accounts Posts: 2,274 Join Date: May 2010 Posts: 2182 I was at mart today and a pen of cattle covered in ringworm 4inch square scabs around eyes. [7] the chitin synthase (pchs-1) gene was amplified using DMTFchsF1 (5-CGAGTACATGTGCTCGCGCAC-3) and DMTFchsR1 (5-CGAGGTCAAARGCACGCCAGAG-3) primers to assess the presence of dermatophyte amplifiable DNA in the clinical samples. Ringworm in Cattle | The Cattle Site Always wear gloves when handling cattle with ringworm as it is easily transmitted to humans. Clin Microbiol Infect. One-step PCR targeting the conserved regions of the 18S and 28S genes achieved unequivocal identification of T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes in hair samples. Some cases (8.49%) also had lesions on the head, neck, and trunk. Ringworm in Cattle - Beef Center Distilled water was used as a negative control and gallic acid and TBHQ were used as positive controls. Samples were tested in triplicate. Compositional features and bioactive properties of whole fraction from Aloe vera processing. Ringworm lesions were 8.896 times more likely in animals reared for meat production compared with animals reared for milk production with risk ratio 1.88. Make sure calves are getting fresh forage daily, along with concentrates. This may be explained by stressors such as rapid growth, weaning, or parasite burden (which weaken their immunity and skin health), as well as close confinement, dietary factors (deficiencies), and production systems [4]. Dermatophyte isolates were identified according to their macro-and micromorphological characteristics [32].
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