The lateral dimensions and thickness of graphene family nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene quantum dots, and graphene nanoribbons can be fine-tuned from original two-dimensional (2D) structure into zero-, one-, or three-dimensional assemblies [27], which provide improved accumulation as drug vehicles and contrast agents at specific target sites [28]. When the GO is reduced with a suitable process, the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) formed resembles graphene but contains residual oxygen and other heteroatoms, as well as structural. The synergistic cytotoxicity was observed for dual drug-loaded nanocomposite to inhibit the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells compared with single drug therapy. Draz M.S., Fang B.A., Zhang P., Hu Z., Gu S., Weng K.C., Gray J.W., Chen F.F. Chau N.D.Q., Reina G., Raya J., Vacchi I.A., Mnard-Moyon C., Nishina Y., Bianco A. Elucidation of siRNA complexation efficiency by graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. During the initial period, GO has attracted attention for synthesize the graphene. Although many nanoparticles have been used for photo-immunotherapy, rGO stands out as one of the best choice among them [131]. Graphenea also provides customized solutions for application requiring more specific quality control. Some other names have also been given to rGO, such as functionalized graphene, chemically modified graphene, chemically converted graphene, or reduced graphene [11]. Hydrazine (N2H4) or hydrazine hydrate (N2H4H2O) is one of the most widely used reductants for rGO synthesis in large scale. Nevertheless, existing studies mainly focus on the application efficiency and are lacking information on how morphology of the nanoparticles can affect the electrode properties. a, Schematics of atomic structures.PG, pristine graphene; GO, graphene oxide; trGO, totally reduced graphene oxide. The GO and rGO were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction patterns. Green tea extract assisted green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide: Application for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of sunset yellow in food products. Ma and co-workers used a green approach to convert GO to rGO using riboflavin as a reducing agent and the resulting riboflavin-rGO nanocarrier was used for DOX loading through interaction [63]. Some reported examples of graphene oxide reduction include: treating graphene oxide with hydrazine hydrate at 100C for 24 hours Hu Y., He L., Ding J., Sun D., Chen L., Chen X. One-pot synthesis of dextran decorated reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles for targeted photo-chemotherapy. DOI: 10.1039/C9TC04916A. Kosowska K., Domalik-Pyzik P., Krok-Borkowicz M., Chopek J. Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Composites. The p-MoS2/n-rGO-MnO2-PEG composite was prepared by modifying the nanosheet with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to improve biocompatibility and colloidal stability in physiological solution, which was further surface decorated with MnO2 to overcome the hypoxic conditions prevalent in tumor microenvironment, by increasing intracellular O2 after reaction of MnO2 with endogenous H2O2 in cancer cells. also used FA-functionalized nanocomposite consisting of chemically-reduced rGO and manganese-doped zinc sulfide quantum dots (FA-rGO/ZnS:Mn) for targeted delivery of DOX [65]. Chen X., Li C., Wang X., Zhao X. Infrared heating of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as photothermal radiation therapeutic agents for tumor regressions. Herein, metal selenium nanoparticles (M = Ni, Co & Fe) are anchored on the surface of reduced graphene oxide and a silica template (rGO-ST) through a simple one-pot solvothermal method. For this purpose, functionalized rGO with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a reduced agent was used as a carrier of DOX [57]. Toward a Universal Adhesive Nanosheet for the Assembly of Multiple Nanoparticles Based on a Protein-Induced Reduction/Decoration of Graphene Oxide. The oxidisation process from graphite to graphite oxide already damages individual graphene platelets, reducing their mean size, so further damage is undesirable. prepared Au nanoparticle-loaded rGO as a covalent drug delivery system for pH-dependent release of mitoxantrone (MTX) [74]. Indeed, due to their unique properties, nanomaterials have gained increasing attention for new and innovative use in biomedical research, particularly as nanocarriers for delivery of therapeutic drugs in cancer therapy [9]. ; Supervision, J.-P.C. Composite of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and polyaniline (PANI) have gained much attention in industrial applications especially for the fabrication of supercapacitor and flexible sensors. Therefore, we proposed a simple and economical method to prepare a new type of conductive paint from epoxy resin and reduced graphene oxide composites in concentration . Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheet for Chemo-photothermal Therapy. 2013;87:1-7. The incorporation of PEI molecule into GO can act as a source of carbon and produce rGO in a one-step hydrothermal process. Around the world, research institutions are trying to develop ways to revolutionise the production of graphene sheets of the highest quality. Cancer Treatment Using Peptides: Current Therapies and Future Prospects. Dhanavel S., Revathy T.A., Sivaranjani T., Sivakumar K., Palani P., Narayanan V., Stephen A. The high surface area also enables the loading of abundant hydrophobic aromatic anticancer drugs for chemotherapy or photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) via interaction [31]. If you want to reproduce the whole article Although conventional drug delivery systems and treatment approaches have provided some treatment efficacy, its effectiveness is limited by various factors, including multi-drug resistance, rapid metabolism and elimination of drugs, non-specific cytotoxicity, etc. performed one-step reduction of GO to rGO and decoration of rGO with Au nanoparticles and thermostable antimicrobial nisin peptides to synthesize NAu-rGO [91]. Song J., Yang X., Jacobson O., Lin L., Huang P., Niu G., Ma Q., Chen X. Sequential Drug Release and Enhanced Photothermal and Photoacoustic Effect of Hybrid Reduced Graphene Oxide-Loaded Ultrasmall Gold Nanorod Vesicles for Cancer Therapy. This can be achieved by reducing graphene oxide (GO) to produce reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Ma N., Zhang B., Liu J., Zhang P., Li Z., Luan Y. PDF Applications of Graphene and Graphene-Oxide based Nanomaterials The drug-loaded nanocomposite was further coated with pH-responsive charge-conversional polymer polyethyleneimine-poly-L-lysine-poly-L-glutamic acid (PKE) to endow charge-conversional property and serum stability to PEI-rGO-based drug delivery system. The methods which are capable of producing the highest quality graphene tend to be more complex. Literature describes the reduction process by mixing dispersion of GO with hydrazine hydrate and ammonia solution with a weight ratio of hydrazine to GO at 7:10. introduced a rGO-based nanocarrier with high paclitaxel loading capacity through functionalization and stabilization with R9 peptides, where pristine rGO sheets were found to be unstable in aqueous solutions and aggregated to decrease the surface area available for drug loading [71]. Research institutions across the globe are looking for ways to redefine the development of high-quality graphene sheets. From: Applications of Graphene and Graphene-Oxide Based Nanomaterials, 2015 View all Topics Add to Mendeley About this page var addthis_config = {"data_track_addressbar":true}; Fortuni B., Inose T., Ricci M., Fujita Y., Van Zundert I., Masuhara A., Fron E., Mizuno H., Latterini L., Rocha S., et al. A graphene gold nanocomposite-based 5-FU drug and the enhancement of the MCF-7 cell line treatment. Due to improved photothermal response by absorbing light in the NIR range and the potential for high loading of chemotherapeutic drugs, photosensitizers and siRNA, rGO synthesized by means of various reducing agents is well suited for applications in single or multi-mode cancer therapy. Using ultrasound-targeted nanobubble destruction, the local concentration of rGO around HepG2 cell line could be increased for photothermal ablation and PTT of hepatocellular carcinoma under 808 nm NIR irradiation [101]. Reduced Graphene-Oxide-Embedded Polymeric Nanofiber Mats: An On-Demand Photothermally Triggered Antibiotic Release Platform. Followed by this, excess chitosan in the solution was removed by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 1 h and subsequently washed with 2% acetic acid solution. Therefore, the use of rGO-based nanomaterials for targeted pH-responsive drug delivery may overcome current challenges and provide new treatment modality in cancer therapy. Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Research and Renewable Energy Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt After treating MCF-7 breast cancer cells with the nanocomposite followed by 800-nm diode laser (0.5 W/cm2) treatment for 5 min, 80% cell growth inhibition was found. As low molecular weight PEI was proved to exhibit less cytotoxicity, Chau et al. Abdullah M.F., Zakaria R., Zein S.H.S. In one study, GO was fond to act both as a photothermal agent for PTT and a photosensitizer for PDT, making it an excellent candidate for synergistic phototherapy [86]. Hu Y., Sun D., Ding J., Chen L., Chen X. To improve photothermal properties, Ma et al. After that, it can be considered and used for several applications. Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced and transmitted securely. Hou C., Quan H., Duan Y., Zhang Q., Wang H., Li Y. Facile synthesis of water-dispersible Cu2O nanocrystalreduced graphene oxide hybrid as a promising cancer therapeutic agent. Within those nanomaterials, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), a graphene family 2D carbon nanomaterial, emerged as a good candidate for cancer photothermal therapy due to its excellent photothermal conversion in the near infrared range, large specific surface area for drug loading, as well as functional groups for functionalization with molecules such as photosensitizers, siRNA, ligands, etc. Reduction of graphene oxide by resveratrol: A novel and simple biological method for the synthesis of an effective anticancer nanotherapeutic molecule. Industrial waste reuse: An alternative source to reduced graphene oxide Undoubtedly, despite remarkable therapeutic efficacy demonstrated from combination cancer therapy using rGO, rationally combining the therapeutic modalities into rGO-based platform for smart drug delivery will be desirable. Graphite oxide is a compound made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Photothermally Triggered Cytosolic Drug Delivery via Endosome Disruption Using a Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide. This process involves coating various substrates such as Indium Tin Oxide or glass with a very thin layer of graphene oxide. Zhang D.-Y., Zheng Y., Tan C.-P., Sun J.-H., Zhang W., Ji L.-N., Mao Z.-W. Graphene Oxide Decorated with Ru(II)Polyethylene Glycol Complex for Lysosome-Targeted Imaging and Photodynamic/Photothermal Therapy. The modification of rGO with PdNFs increased its photothermal conversion due to enhanced absorption in the NIR window. R. Tarcan, O. Todor-Boer, I. Petrovai, C. Leordean, S. Astilean and I. Botiz, This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC (MOST106-2221-E-182-056-MY3) and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, ROC (BMRP249, CMRPD2I0041 and CMRPD2I0042). The hybrid nanocomposites (ZnO/rGO, Ag-ZnO/rGO, and Nd-ZnO/rGO) synthesized by green synthesis methods were further optimized for concentration in anti-tumor study in vitro using MCF-7 cancer cells [95]. Polyethylenimine-based nanocarriers in co-delivery of drug and gene: A developing horizon. However, considering the toxicity of many chemical reducing agents, biomedical application of rGO prefers non-toxic green chemicals for the reduction process, which could provide stability, non-toxicity, and functionality to resulting rGO products. Unfortunately, the heating process damages the structure of the graphene platelets as pressure between builds up and carbon dioxide is released. rGO is used in the following applications: Grapheneas rGO is made to go through a stringent quality control process so as to ensure that the product produced is of high quality and has good reproducibility. This can lead to things like oxidative stress, as well as cell functionality loss, inflammatory responses and so on. Additionally, the function of combined cancer therapeutics offered by rGO may be required to be programmed for realizing the synergistic effects. (accessed June 05, 2023). Thankfully, most solution based methods can still work, like dip coating, spin or stray coating. NiSe2/rGO-ST shows a remarkable overpotential (52.5 mV) at 10 mA cm2 for the HER compared to the benchmark Pt/C E-TEK (29 mV), while the overpotential values of CoSeO3/rGO-ST and FeSe2/rGO-ST are 246 and 347 mV, respectively. Reina G., Gonzlez-Domnguez J.M., Criado A., Vzquez E., Bianco A., Prato M. Promises, facts and challenges for graphene in biomedical applications. In the past, scientists have created rGO from GO by: GFET-S10 (Die size 10 mm x 10 mm)For Sensing applications 380.00$, Highly Concentrated Graphene Oxide (2.5 wt% Concentration)440.00$, Easy Transfer: Monolayer Graphene on Polymer Film (1 cm x 1 cm)80.00$. Graphene-based materials are good photothermal agents used for PTT considering its multifunctionality [79]. They found that DOX-loaded PEI-rGO after PKE coating released more DOX under low pH lysosomal condition and showed enhanced anticancer activity in HeLa and A549 cancer cells. The reduced GO (rGO) sheets. Zhang J., Yang H., Shen G., Cheng P., Zhang J., Guo S. Reduction of graphene oxide vial-ascorbic acid. An official website of the United States government. Besides being excellent photo-absorbers with high light absorption ability in the near infrared (NIR) range, rGO is associated with pronounced photothermal effect compared with GO, rendering potential applications in cancer photothermal therapy (PTT) [32]. Modugno G., Mnard-Moyon C., Prato M., Bianco A. used tea polyphenol to produce rGO as a nanocarrier for delivery of DOX [121]. 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, c [CDATA[ Considering the biological aspects, researchers have developed composites of rGO with nanoparticles or polymers for cancer treatment. Decorated reduced graphene oxide for photo-chemotherapy. rGO-based nanocomposite has emerged as a promising nanomaterial in nanomedicine. Graphene devices for life. Unfortunately, the scalability of this technique has come into question due to the difficulty in depositing graphene oxide onto the electrodes in bulk form. However, this doesn't mean that improvements cant be made, or that this reduced graphene oxide is effectively unusable; far from it, in fact. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Graphenea. ; Funding acquisition, J.-P.C. Energy storage is definitely one of the times when this can actually work very well, and all you have to do is to test it out and give it a try for yourself. The graphene-like properties make reduced graphene oxide a highly desirable material to be used in a plethora of sensorial, biological, environmental or catalytic applications as well as optoelectronic and storage devices. The conjugation of alanine to GO via interactions reduced GO to rGO, not only increased the 808 nm absorbance but also acted as a targeting ligand to kill U87MG cancer cells selectively [90]. Lima-Sousa and co-workers also functionalized rGO with HA-grafted poly-maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene (HA-g-PMAO) for targeted PTT [99]. A schematic diagram showing the treatment of subcutaneously implanted cancer cells by combined chemotherapy/phototherapy using reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The FeSe2/rGO-ST/NF shows a low overpotential (297 mV) at 50 mA cm2 for the OER compared to RuO2/NF (325 mV), while the overpotentials of CoSeO3-rGO-ST/NF and NiSe2-rGO-ST/NF are 400 and 475 mV, respectively. Wang Y., Shi Z., Yin J. Facile Synthesis of Soluble Graphene via a Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide in Tea Solution and Its Biocomposites. Suspension of rGO in aqueous solution has been prepared by chemical reduction of GO at room temperature in the presence of chitosan. Considering the side effects associated with chemotherapy, SreeHarsha et al. Pei X., Zhu Z., Gan Z., Chen J., Zhang X., Cheng X., Wan Q., Wang J. PEGylated nano-graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for delivering mixed anticancer drugs to improve anticancer activity. Joshi S., Siddiqui R., Sharma P., Kumar R., Verma G., Saini A. Vinothini K., Rajendran N.K., Rajan M., Ramu A., Marraiki N., Elgorban A.M. A magnetic nanoparticle functionalized reduced graphene oxide-based drug carrier system for a chemo-photodynamic cancer therapy. The most common techniques are by using sonication, stirring, or a combination of the two. Among these, combination of rGO with gold (Au) nanoparticle has gained considerable attention. Muthoosamy et al. Considering the harmful and hazardous natures of many commercial chemical reducing agents, researchers have focused on green methods for the production of rGO by chemical reduction. in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required)
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