Cruciferous vegetable feeding alters UGT1A1 activity: Diet- and genotype-dependent changes in serum bilirubin in a controlled feeding trial. Lin C.Y., Wu J.L., Shih T.S., Tsai P.J., Sun Y.M., Ma M.C., Guo Y.L. Dvorshchenko K.O., Bernyk O.O., Dranytsyna A.S., Senin S.A., Ostapchenko L.I. The increase in glutathione peaked at 1 h after consumption. Existing and potential therapeutic uses for N-acetylcysteine: the need for conversion to intracellular glutathione for antioxidant benefits. The reason we encapsulate them in liposomes is to prevent premature oxidation. Sekhar R.V., Patel S.G., Guthikonda A.P., Reid M., Balasubramanyam A., Taffet G.E., Jahoor F. Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation. Nijhoff W.A., Grubben M.J.A.L., Nagengast F.M., Jansen J.B.M.J., Verhagen H., Van Poppel G., Peters W.H.M. Wink L.K., Adams R., Wang Z., Klaunig J.E., Plawecki M.H., Posey D.J., McDpugle C.J., Erickson C.A. 1. Very few studies [113] have examined the effect of fruit and vegetable intake on glutathione and glutathione-related enzyme levels. 62: Alpha-lipoic acid. Deanna Minich is a health educator who lectures internationally for several institutes and organizations. Effects of antioxidants on glutathione levels and clinical recovery from the malnutrition syndrome kwashiorkor--a pilot study. In this study, the researchers found that while individuals were able to recover from a reduction in protein (that remained above the lowest amount considered safe) in terms of nitrogen balance, it took longer for the functional changes in glutathione levels to equilibrate. Van t Erve T.J., Wagner B.A., Ryckman K.K., Raife T.J., Buettner G.R. 5-7 Suboptimal GSH concentration has been associated with aging-related induction of oxidized and . Pompella A., Emdin M., Franzini M., Paolicchi A. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: linking together environmental pollution, redox equilibria and progression of atherosclerosis? In another small randomized control study on cancer patients (n = 23) [72], consuming 40 g of whey protein isolates in addition to zinc and selenium increased the glutathione levels (11.7%) as well as functional immune markers, including an increase of 4.8% in their immunoglobulin G levels compared with the control group (n = 19). High GST activity has been associated with cancer prevention [114]. Ghavipour M., Sotoudeh G., Ghorbani M. Tomato juice consumption improves blood antioxidative biomarkers in overweight and obese females. Jannatifar R., Parivar K., Roodbari N.H., Nasr-Esfahani M.H. Guo C., Wei J., Yang J., Xu J., Pang W., Jiang Y. Pomegranate juice is potentially better than apple juice in improving antioxidant function in elderly subjects. Lpez-Lpez A.L., Jaime H.B., Escobar Villanueva M.D.C., Padilla M.B., Palacios G.V., Aguilar F.J.A. Glutathione can also form adducts and conjugate xenobiotics via GST. Optimal Liposomal Glutathione Plus Optimal Liposomal Glutathione Plus contains a stronger 300 mg dose of glutathione per serving, along with the processing and recycling nutrients. While further studies are required, it may be the better approach to supplement with both cysteine and glycine to see a boost in glutathione, especially among those who may not have adequate quantities of the amino acids or require higher levels of glutathione. Rectal GST enzyme activity was also measured in select participants. Modulation of human serum glutathione S-transferase A1/2 concentration by cruciferous vegetables in a controlled feeding study is influenced by GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes. Navarro S.L., Schwarz Y., Song X., Wang C.Y., Chen C., Trudo S.P., Kristal A.R., Kratz M., Eaton D.L., Lampe J.W. Otto M., Magerus T., Langland J.O. Below is a list of some of the diseases [, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) [, Doses up to 12 g/day safe; 12 g/day found to benefit antioxidant capacity; increased bioavailability with piperine [, 6001200 mg/day in divided doses, but up to 6000 mg/day have been shown effective in studies [, 247 g/day of selenium enriched yeast; 100200 ug/day. Zhou X., He L., Zuo S., Zhang Y., Wan D., Long C., Huang P., Wu X., Wu C., Liu G., et al. The theory being the enzymes in your stomach break it down before it can ever reach the blood stream and become useful. The diverse roles of glutathione in physiology are relevant to a considerable body of evidence suggesting that glutathione status may be an important biomarker and treatment target in various chronic, age-related diseases. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Reduce signs of aging. Effects of consumption of Brussels sprouts on intestinal and lymphocytic glutathione S-transferases in humans. Therefore, it might seem that one of the safer approaches to fortifying the innate defense against oxidative stress and improving glutathione levels may be best implemented through the diversity and pleiotropism of multiple phytonutrients. Subjects were randomized to 500 or 1000 mg/d liposomal GSH for 4 weeks. I'd like to use one of them for skin lightning. Finally, in a recent systematic review [79] of nine studies investigating the co-supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids with vitamin E for oxidative stress parameters, no significant changes were seen in glutathione concentrations or select enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. However, after supplementation, the glycine levels increased by 117.6% and the cysteine by 55.1%. Cruciferous vegetable supplementation in a controlled diet study alters the serum peptidome in a GSTM1-genotype dependent manner. Effects of N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation on sperm quality, chromatin integrity and level of oxidative stress in infertile men. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Consumption of Brussels sprouts results in elevated alpha-class glutathione S-transferase levels in human blood plasma. [(accessed on 7 July 2019)]; Allocati N., Masulli M., Di Ilio C., & Federici L. Glutathione transferases: substrates, inihibitors and pro-drugs in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Budget: As Liposomal Glutathione is generally more expensive than S-Acetyl L Glutathione, budget constraints may play a role in the decision-making process. If you do get a test, the parameters are: The normal ranges in plasma: 2. A list of some proposed disease states related to inadequate glutathione status are listed in Table 1. Another study in patients with Parkinsons disease found that taking 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil in conjunction with 400 IU of vitamin E for 12 weeks led to an increase in glutathione concentrations as well as total antioxidant capacity and a reduction in the inflammatory marker, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and markers of insulin metabolism [77]. Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of immune function Collectively, these preliminary findings support the effectiveness of daily liposomal GSH administration at elevating stores of GSH and impacting the immune function and levels of oxidative stress. A few animal studies [73,74] would suggest that serine, a nonessential amino acid, may be helpful in positively influencing glutathione production, potentially through increased cysteine availability and a decrease of hypermethylation. Medium-term effect of sublingual l-glutathione supplementation on flow-mediated dilation in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. Robaczewska J., Kedziora-Kornatowska K., Kozakiewicz M., Zary-Sikorska E., Pawluk H., Pawliszak W., Kedziora J. Neuropsychopharmacol. [(accessed on 28 June 2019)]; Gupta S.C., Patchva S., Aggarwal B.B. Campolo J., Bernardi S., Cozzi L., Rocchiccioli S., Dellanoce C., Cecchettini A., Tonini A., Parolini M., De Chiara B., Micheloni G., et al. Abdull Razis A.F., Konsue N., Ioannides C. Isothiocyanates and xenobiotic detoxification. Vitamin E supplementation may ameliorate oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Ansar H., Mazloom Z., Kazemi F., Hejazi N. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on blood glucose, insulin resistance and glutathione peroxidase of type 2 diabetic patients. Aghadavod E., Soleimani A., Hamidi G., Keneshlou F., Heidari A., Asemi Z. Those who had the greatest percent change in that ratio also had a greater percent change in their levels of glutathione in their brain. In 48 individuals with ascorbate deficiency [87], taking 500 or 1000 mg per day of vitamin C for 13 weeks led to an 18% increase in lymphocyte glutathione levels compared with placebo. From helping with the symptoms of Lyme disease to improving liver function to an antidote for pain relief, glutathione is produced by the body naturally, but production can decrease as you age. Sechi G., Deledda M.G., Bua G., Satta W.M., Deiana G.A., Pes G.M., Rosati G. Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early Parkinsons disease. Effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to the MTHFR (C677T) genotype. This narrative review explores clinical evidence for nutritional strategies that could be used to improve glutathione status. SAH is hydrolyzed to homocysteine. The synthesis of -glutamyl cysteine is catalyzed by GCL from cysteine and glutamate, and the addition of glycine to -glutamyl cysteine via GSx generates glutathione. Marine n-3 fatty acid intake, glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal Chinese women in Singapore. Dosz E.B., Jeffery E.H. Modifying the processing and handling of frozen broccoli for increased sulforaphane formation. Liposomal glutathione refers to glutathione that has undergone a special process that encapsulates the glutathione molecule inside of a lipid. [45] administered glutathione intravenously (600 mg twice daily for 30 days) to nine individuals with Parkinsons disease, and reported significant improvements, which lasted for 24 months even after ceasing the therapy. Since the methylation cycle is closely linked to that of the trans-sulfuration pathways and glutathione metabolism, riboflavin levels could be important. The molecules in Lypo-Spheric Glutathione are reduced glutathione. There was also a decrease in the markers for oxidative stress at six months as indicated through an improvement in the oxidized (GSSG) to reduced (GSH) glutathione ratio in whole blood, in conjunction with favorable increases in natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Effects of glutathione s-transferase (. Wu G., Fang Y.Z., Yang S., Lupton J.R., Turner N.D. Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. Ghawi S.K., Methven L., Niranjan K. The potential to intensify sulforaphane formation in cooked broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. One confounding factor is the complexity of antioxidants, referred to by Halliwell [6] as the antioxidant paradox, or the situation in which antioxidants such as glutathione can possess prooxidant activity causing a hormetic effect enabling the body to bolster its endogenous antioxidant defenses. Zhou X., He L., Wu C., Zhang Y., Wu X., Yin Y. Serine alleviates oxidative stress via supporting glutathione synthesis and methionine cycle in mice. The use of intravenous glutathione for symptom management of Parkinsons disease: A case report. Khalili M., Eghtesadi S., Mirshafiey A., Eskandari G., Sanoobar M., Sahraian M.A., Motevalian A., Norouzi A., Moftakhar S., Azimi A. Hodges R.E., Minich D.M. As a suggestion in future studies, including a genotype segmentation for participants for glutathione-related enzymes such as GST may lead to different findings and assist in investigating who is more primed for an effect. [(accessed on June 26 2019)]; Parcell S. Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine. Best glutathione supplement | FOX31 Denver The effect of 12-wk -3 fatty acid supplementation on in vivo thalamus glutathione concentration in patients at risk for major depression. Characterization of the glutathione S-transferase GSTT1 deletion: discrimination of all genotypes by polymerase chain reaction indicates a trimodular genotype-phenotype correlation. In a crossover design [133], young healthy smokers (n = 27) consumed steamed broccoli (250 g daily) or a control diet for 10 days; broccoli consumption reduced oxidized DNA by 41% and resistance to hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA strand breaks increased by 23%. Studies [125,126] have shown that administration of cruciferous-derived compounds, such as sulforaphane, may increase glutathione, glutathione-related enzymes, and even endogenous antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory markers, although results are not always consistent [115]. Some preparation tips are listed in Table 3. Effects of consumption of brussels sprouts on plasma and urinary glutathione S-transferase class-alpha and -pi in humans. 1 Furthermore, reduced glutathione (GSH) acts as a hydrogen donor in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. Okunade O., Niranjan K., Ghawi S.K., Kuhnle G., Methven L. Supplementation of the diet by exogenous myrosinase via mustard seeds to increase the bioavailability of sulforaphane in healthy human subjects after the consumption of cooked broccoli. In nine elite weightlifters subject to an intensive weightlifting session, pomegranate juice reduced oxidative stress and improved antioxidant enzymatic activity (including a +6.8% increase for glutathione peroxidase) compared with a non-polyphenol placebo [140]. 13. Clapper M.L., Szarka C.E., Pfeiffer G.R., Graham T.A., Balshem A.M., Litwin S., Goosenberg E.B., Frucht H., Engstrom P.F. Purple grape juice supplementation in smokers and antioxidant status according to different types of GST polymorphisms. Which Glutathione Supplement Is Best - Zaca - zacalife.com Nijhoff W.A., Mulder T.P.J., Verhagen H., Van Poppel G., Peters W.H.M. One disadvantage may involve disturbing the redox state of a cell towards a predominantly prooxidant status [105]. Reduces oxidative stress. Cysteine is a sulfur amino acid, which might imply that consuming sulfur-rich foods, especially those containing the sulfur amino acids, may also support glutathione synthesis [51,52]. Sulfur-rich fruits and vegetables (modified from [151], values reported as mean SD (n = 3); ND = not detectable). Bhutto A., Morley J.E. Ukrains kyi Biokhimichnyi Zhurnal (1999). In adults (n = 54) with diabetic neuropathy [93], the group provided with a vitamin E supplement (800 IU/day) for 12 weeks had significant improvements in cardiometabolic parameters and plasma glutathione levels compared to the group given the placebo. There is also some evidence to the contrary. Hepatic synthesis of glutathione and nutritional substrates, co-factors, and other nutrients that influence metabolism. There needs to be sustainable, creative ways for people to get their daily intake of fruits and vegetables as this quota is not being met by the vast majority [112]. Wark P.A., Grubben M.J.A.L., Peters W.H.M., Nagengast F.M., Kampman E., Kok F.J., van t Veer P. Habitual consumption of fruits and vegetables: associations with human rectal glutathione. Glutathione exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized ( GSSG) states. It plays a pivotal role in reducing oxidative stress, maintaining redox balance, enhancing metabolic detoxification, and regulating the immune system [1]. The effect of tomato juice consumption on antioxidant status in overweight and obese females. A-lipoic acid supplementation up-regulates antioxidant capacity in adults with G6PD deficiency. Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of Before These compounds may be especially important for individuals with GST polymorphisms. It would seem to be most efficient to administer oral glutathione as a preformed compound to override the effects of potentially inefficient SNPs and related enzymes. The ability of foods rich in glutathione to influence glutathione status is also an interesting possibility that requires clarification. Brassica vegetable consumption reduces urinary F2-isoprostane levels independent of micronutrient intake. Cruciferous vegetables have variable effects on biomarkers of systemic inflammation in a randomized controlled trial in healthy young adults. Effect of liposomal glutathione supplementation on whole blood glutathione concentrations. Georgakouli K., Deli C.K., Zalavras A., Fatouros I.G., Kouretas D., Koutedakis Y., Jamurtas A.Z. 2 Still, this does not mean that glutathione supplementation can necessarily be helpful for these conditions. Hypochlorhydria may, in fact, be more common in the aging population as the gut physiology changes [64], and the use of certain medications can also impact hydrochloric acid levels [65]. From a biochemical perspective, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) may also help support glutathione synthesis through its role in ATP production [85]. Sepidarkish M., Akbari-Fakhrabadi M., Daneshzad E., Yavari M., Rezaeinejad M., Morvaridzadeh M., Heshmati J. This research received no external funding. Too-high . Glutathione benefits. Urinary excretion of 5-L-oxoproline was suggested as a marker to track glutathione kinetics, particularly the availability of glycine. Initially, the older subjects had 55.2% less glycine and 24.4% less cysteine in their red blood cells. Chronic inflammation can contribute to oxidative stress and deplete glutathione supply [75]. Witschi A., Reddy S., Stofer B., Lauterburg B.H. Indeed, redox balance can be the cause or consequence of a disease, and in some cases, it is difficult to know the level at which an antioxidant becomes a prooxidant. Due to the content of polyphenols and the role of these constituents in reducing oxidative stress, some researchers have examined polyphenol-rich juices such as pomegranate and grape juice. GST polymorphisms may play a role in the efficacy of NAC. Zavorsky G.S., Kubow S., Grey V., Riverin V., Lands L.C. Thanks to Kendra Whitmire who assisted in researching various aspects of information presented in this review. Moreover, it has been suggested that NAC may work synergistically with other supplemental nutrients. Effects of high-dose vitamin E supplementation on markers of cardiometabolic risk and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Richie J.P., Jr., Muscat J.E., Ellison I., Calcagnotto A., Kleinman W., El-Bayoumy K. Association of selenium status and blood glutathione concentrations in blacks and whites. Yet, a higher protection was conferred in those with the GSTM1-null genotype. While the data on providing oral glutathione are mixed and inconclusive, recent research suggests that when glutathione is administered in liposomal or sublingual forms it may be made more bioavailable and favorably impact systemic glutathione levels. Lee D.H., Jacobs D.R., Jr. Hormesis and public health: can glutathione depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction due to very low-dose chronic exposure to persistent organic pollutants be mitigated? According to proponents of liposomal glutathione, the . For example, it has been postulated that glycine may be as important as cysteine when it comes to glutathione production, especially when concurrently supplemented with NAC [48]. The anti-inflammatory effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) are exerted through the inhibition of ACE activity, decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reduction of NF-kB activation (red lines). Gago-Dominguez M., Castelao J.E., Sun C.-L., Van Den Berg D., Koh W.-P., Lee H.-P., Yu M.C. In pregnant women, consumption of two meals of salmon per week from week 20 of gestation increased glutathione concentration [80]. Johnson I.T. Acute consumption of organic and conventional tropical grape juices (Vitis labrusca L.) increases antioxidants in plasma and erythrocytes, but not glucose and uric acid levels, in healthy individuals. Thus, it is likely that a riboflavin deficiency would impact glutathione function and may even impact the levels in the body. Another biomarker that may be clinically useful is serum -glutamyltransferase (GGT) which is primarily involved in the metabolism of extracellular reduced glutathione and when elevated (above 9 U/L in women and above 1420 U/L in men) but still within normal reference ranges may indicate glutathione depletion and be associated with chronic disease risk [33]. 2 As a dietary supplement, GSH possesses various systemic effects such as improvement of liver . Reducing the appearance of wrinkles on the face . Therefore, there is much to understand about the role of glutathione levels in health. The effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on human cognitionA systematic review. Taghizadeh M., Tamtaji O.R., Dadgostar E., Daneshvar Kakhaki R., Bahmani F., Abolhassani J., Aarabi M.H., Kouchaki E., Memarzadeh M.R., Asemi Z. Glutathione Benefits for Your Health and Body Navarro S.L., Peterson S., Chen C., Makar K.W., Schwarz Y., King I.B., Li S.S., Li L., Kestin M., Lampe J.W. Glutathione - Wikipedia In: Concord N.H., editor. Normal or high polyphenol concentration in orange Juice affects antioxidant activity, blood pressure, and body weight in obese or overweight adults. Modulation of metabolic detoxification pathways using foods and food-derived components: A scientific Review with clinical application. Oxidative stress occurs when there's an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to fight them off. Franco R., Schoneveld O.J., Pappa A., Panayiotidis M.I. Furthermore, another study [124] with 82 cigarette smokers, oral 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a cruciferous-based compound from watercress, was able to lead to increased detoxification of the volatile carcinogens, benzene and acrolein with an even stronger effect for those with the null genotype of both GSTM1 and GSTT1. Liposomal glutathione, on the other hand, contains encapsulated molecules that make it easier for our bodies to absorb when ingested. Consumption of salmon v. salmon oil capsules: effects on n-3 PUFA and selenium status. Further, oxidative stress (such as seen with low physiological glutathione levels) [66,67] and certain nutrient deficiencies [68] may also contribute to low stomach acid levels. Pourahmadi Z., Mahboob S., Saedisomeolia A., Reykandeh M.T. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, Eat preferably raw or mildly steamed to preserve the integrity of sulfur compounds [, Refrain from freezing cruciferous vegetables, like broccoli [, Add powdered mustard seeds during the heating process to increase sulforaphane content [, broccoli, cancer prevention, cruciferous vegetables, glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, green tea, nutrigenomics, phytonutrients, plant-based diet, selenium, vitamins. Johnston C.S., Meyer C.G., Srilakshmi J.C. Vitamin C elevates red blood cell glutathione in healthy adults. l-Cysteine supplementation increases insulin sensitivity mediated by upregulation of GSH and adiponectin in high glucose treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Glutathione Injections and Supplements Benefits | U.S. News Riso P., Brusamolino A., Moro M., Porrini M. Absorption of bioactive compounds from steamed broccoli and their effect on plasma glutathione S-transferase activity. Visioli F., Riso P., Grande S., Galli C., Porrini M. Protective activity of tomato products on in vivo markers of lipid oxidation. This review article will attempt to review the salient human clinical literature to support the use of specific foods and nutrients that may increase or maintain optimal glutathione levels. Sharma A., Kharb S., Chugh S.N., Kakkar R., Singh G.P. Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin. The good news is, you can . Fowke J.H., Morrow J.D., Motley S., Bostick R.M., Ness R.M. Ammar A., Turki M., Hammouda O., Chtourou H., Trabelsi K., Bouaziz M., Abdelkarim O., Hoekelmann A., Ayadi F., Souissi N., et al. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Cruciferous vegetables and risk of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Salmon, as a whole food source of omega-3 fatty acids may favorably influence glutathione status. Has a longer shelf life and has no bad taste. Glutathione is a tripeptide that plays a pivotal role in critical physiological processes resulting in effects relevant to diverse disease pathophysiology such as maintenance of redox balance, reduction of oxidative stress, enhancement of metabolic detoxification, and regulation of immune system function. Previous cell and animal studies [115,116,117,118,119,120] have indicated that certain plant food components (e.g., glucosinolate metabolites and dithiothiones in brassica vegetables; diallyl sulfides from the allium family, citrus-derived limonoids and flavonoids) may upregulate enzymatic activity favorably [121]. Sarvan I., Kramer E., Bouwmeester H., Dekker M., Verkerk R. Sulforaphane formation and bioaccessibility are more affected by steaming time than meal composition during in vitro digestion of broccoli. Hollman A.L., Tchounwou P.B., Huang H.C. What are the differences between liposomal glutathione and reduced Martins V.D., Manfredini V., Peralba M.C., Benfato M.S. Life Extension Glutathione 3. Garca-Rodrguez C.E., Mesa M.D., Olza J., Vlachava M., Kremmyda L.S., Diaper N.D., Noakes P.S., Miles E.A., Ramrez-Tortosa M.C., Liaset B., et al. Reduced VS. Liposomal The primary glutathione supplement delivery systems are reduced and liposomal. While the study was too small and of too short duration to make any conclusions about the role of NAC in these conditions, what is notable is that through intravenous administration of NAC, brain levels could be altered. government site. A 12-week clinical trial [55] with children (n = 31) with autism administered 60 mg/kg/day in three doses (maximum dose of 4200 mg/day) found that although there was no significant impact on the social impairment associated with autism, there was a significant impact on boosting the glutathione levels in the children. Optimizing glutathione levels has been proposed as a strategy for health promotion and disease prevention, although clear, causal relationships between glutathione status and disease risk or treatment remain to be clarified. Cavalcoli F., Zilli A., Conte D., Massironi S. Micronutrient deficiencies in patients with chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis: A review. One study [78] investigated the impact of GST polymorphisms on the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal Chinese women in Singapore. Although it is not necessary for most people to supplement with protein to meet their daily requirement, one potential beneficial source when additional protein is necessary is whey protein, likely due to its higher cysteine content [70]. Finally, it is important to note that NAC has antioxidant properties in addition to being able to provide cysteine for glutathione synthesis.
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